On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex

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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 2, 1527-1537, Copyright © 1982 by Society for Neuroscience

ARTICLE

On the relations between the direction of two-dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex

AP Georgopoulos, JF Kalaska, R Caminiti and JT Massey

The activity of single cells in the motor cortex was recorded while monkeys made arm movements in eight directions (at 45 degrees intervals) in a two-dimensional apparatus. These movements started from the same point and were of the same amplitude. The activity of 606 cells related to proximal arm movements was examined in the task; 323 of the 606 cells were active in that task and were studied in detail. The frequency of discharge of 241 of the 323 cells (74.6%) varied in an orderly fashion with the direction of movement. Discharge was most intense with movements in a preferred direction and was reduced gradually when movements were made in directions farther and farther away from the preferred one. This resulted in a bell-shaped directional tuning curve. These relations were observed for cell discharge during the reaction time, the movement time, and the period that preceded the earliest changes in the electromyographic activity (approximately 80 msec before movement onset). In about 75% of the 241 directionally tuned cells, the frequency of discharge, D, was a sinusoidal function of the direction of movement, theta: D = b0 + b1 sin theta + b2cos theta, or, in terms of the preferred direction, theta 0: D = b0 + c1cos (theta - theta0), where b0, b1, b2, and c1 are regression coefficients. Preferred directions differed for different cells so that the tuning curves partially overlapped. The orderly variation of cell discharge with the direction of movement and the fact that cells related to only one of the eight directions of movement tested were rarely observed indicate that movements in a particular direction are not subserved by motor cortical cells uniquely related to that movement. It is suggested, instead, that a movement trajectory in a desired direction might be generated by the cooperation of cells with overlapping tuning curves. The nature of this hypothetical population code for movement direction remains to be elucidated.

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L. Koski, A. Wohlschlager, H. Bekkering, R. P. Woods, M.-C. Dubeau, J. C. Mazziotta, and M. Iacoboni
Modulation of Motor and Premotor Activity during Imitation of Target-directed Actions
Cereb Cortex, August 1, 2002; 12(8): 847 - 855.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

W. Kruse, S. Dannenberg, R. Kleiser, and K.-P. Hoffmann
Temporal Relation of Population Activity in Visual Areas MT/MST and in Primary Motor Cortex during Visually Guided Tracking Movements
Cereb Cortex, May 1, 2002; 12(5): 466 - 476.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K.-I. Tsutsui, M. Jiang, K. Yara, H. Sakata, and M. Taira
Integration of Perspective and Disparity Cues in Surface-Orientation-Selective Neurons of Area CIP
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2001; 86(6): 2856 - 2867.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

R. Ajemian, D. Bullock, and S. Grossberg
A Model of Movement Coordinates in the Motor Cortex: Posture-dependent Changes in the Gain and Direction of Single Cell Tuning Curves
Cereb Cortex, December 1, 2001; 11(12): 1124 - 1135.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

K. E Jones, J. Wessberg, and A. B Vallbo
Directional tuning of human forearm muscle afferents during voluntary wrist movements
J. Physiol., October 15, 2001; 536(2): 635 - 647.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

H. Merchant, A. Battaglia-Mayer, and A. P. Georgopoulos
Effects of Optic Flow in Motor Cortex and Area 7a
J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2001; 86(4): 1937 - 1954.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

D. W. Cabel, P. Cisek, and S. H. Scott
Neural Activity in Primary Motor Cortex Related to Mechanical Loads Applied to the Shoulder and Elbow During a Postural Task
J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2001; 86(4): 2102 - 2108.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

P. Baraduc, E. Guigon, and Y. Burnod
Recoding Arm Position to Learn Visuomotor Transformations
Cereb Cortex, October 1, 2001; 11(10): 906 - 917.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]