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Next Article 
Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 2, 399-408, Copyright © 1982 by Society for Neuroscience
Coordination of arm and wrist motion during a reaching task
F Lacquaniti and JF Soechting
An analysis of arm movements involving forward projection of the hand in
order to reach for and grasp a target at different orientations is
presented. The reaching movements required shoulder flexion, elbow
extension, and wrist pronation or supination. The relation between elbow
and shoulder instantaneous angular position proved to be consistent from
trial to trial of each task, independent of movement speed. Further, this
relation was not influenced by the presence or absence of a concomitant
wrist rotation. During the deceleratory phase of the movement, the slope of
elbow angular velocity to shoulder angular velocity was constant and
independent of target orientation. Wrist motion was instead highly variable
in timing, course, and duration. Supinatory movements tended to be
fractionated. On average, the duration of wrist movements was shorter than
that of shoulder and elbow motions. The pattern of biceps EMG activity
during supinatory and pronatory movements was different. Since motion at
the shoulder and elbow was virtually identical in the two cases, net flexor
torque at the elbow was also little different. It is concluded that other
elbow flexors and extensors also exhibit a task-dependent patterning of
activity so as to produce the same net torque. The results are discussed in
the context of the internal constraints present during the movements that
we examined. These constraints are the inertial coupling between shoulder
and elbow motion and those which derive from the bifunctional nature of
many of the muscles participating in the movement.
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