 |
Previous Article | Next Article 
The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1, 2000, 20(1):387-400
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with
Pro-Saccades and Anti-Saccades in the Primate Frontal Eye Field
Stefan
Everling and
Douglas P.
Munoz
Medical Research Council Group in Sensory-Motor Neuroscience,
Department of Physiology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L
3N6, Canada
Diversity in behavioral responses to sensory stimuli has been
attributed to variations in preparatory set. Variability in oculomotor
responses toward identical visual stimuli has been well documented, but
the neuronal processes underlying this variability are poorly
understood. Here, we report evidence for set-related activity for
saccadic eye movements in single neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF)
in monkeys trained on a task in which they either had to look toward a
visual stimulus (pro-saccade) or away from the stimulus (anti-saccade)
depending on a previous instruction. A portion of FEF neurons were
identified as neurons projecting directly to the superior colliculus
(SC) with antidromic activation techniques. Saccade-related neurons in
the FEF had lower prestimulus and stimulus-related activity on
anti-saccade trials compared with pro-saccade trials. The level of
prestimulus activity correlated with saccadic reaction times, express
saccade occurrence, and errors in the anti-saccade task. In addition,
saccade-related activity in the FEF was higher for pro-saccades than
for anti-saccades. These results demonstrate that the direct descending
pathway from the FEF to the SC carries preparatory set-related activity
for pro-saccades and anti-saccades. The results also provide insights into the neuronal basis of variations in saccadic reaction times and in
the control of the prepotent response to glance to a flashed stimulus.
Key words:
frontal eye field; eye movement; anti-saccade; motor
preparation; saccade; frontal lobe; superior colliculus; monkey
Copyright © 2000 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/0/201387-14$05.00/0
This article has been cited by other articles:

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. N. Thakkar, F. E. Polli, R. M. Joseph, D. S. Tuch, N. Hadjikhani, J. J.S. Barton, and D. S. Manoach
Response monitoring, repetitive behaviour and anterior cingulate abnormalities in ASD
Brain,
June 11, 2008;
(2008)
awn099v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. Yoshida and M. Tanaka
Enhanced Modulation of Neuronal Activity during Antisaccades in the Primate Globus Pallidus
Cereb Cortex,
May 13, 2008;
(2008)
bhn069v1.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
U. Ettinger, D. H. ffytche, V. Kumari, N. Kathmann, B. Reuter, F. Zelaya, and S. C. R. Williams
Decomposing the Neural Correlates of Antisaccade Eye Movements Using Event-Related fMRI
Cereb Cortex,
May 1, 2008;
18(5):
1148 - 1159.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K.-M. Lee and E. L. Keller
Neural Activity in the Frontal Eye Fields Modulated by the Number of Alternatives in Target Choice
J. Neurosci.,
February 27, 2008;
28(9):
2242 - 2251.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
C. E. Curtis and J. D. Connolly
Saccade Preparation Signals in the Human Frontal and Parietal Cortices
J Neurophysiol,
January 1, 2008;
99(1):
133 - 145.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S.F.W. Neggers, W. Huijbers, C. M. Vrijlandt, B.N.S. Vlaskamp, D.J.L.G. Schutter, and J. L. Kenemans
TMS Pulses on the Frontal Eye Fields Break Coupling Between Visuospatial Attention and Eye Movements
J Neurophysiol,
November 1, 2007;
98(5):
2765 - 2778.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. R. G. Brown, T. Vilis, and S. Everling
Frontoparietal Activation With Preparation for Antisaccades
J Neurophysiol,
September 1, 2007;
98(3):
1751 - 1762.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. K. Elsley, B. Nagy, S. L. Cushing, and B. D. Corneil
Widespread Presaccadic Recruitment of Neck Muscles by Stimulation of the Primate Frontal Eye Fields
J Neurophysiol,
September 1, 2007;
98(3):
1333 - 1354.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. O'Shea, N. G. Muggleton, A. Cowey, and V. Walsh
Human Frontal Eye Fields and Spatial Priming of Pop-out.
J. Cogn. Neurosci.,
July 1, 2007;
19(7):
1140 - 1151.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. T. Herdman and J. D. Ryan
Spatio-temporal Brain Dynamics Underlying Saccade Execution, Suppression, and Error-related Feedback.
J. Cogn. Neurosci.,
March 1, 2007;
19(3):
420 - 432.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. S. Manoach, K. N. Thakkar, M. S. Cain, F. E. Polli, J. A. Edelman, B. Fischl, and J. J. S. Barton
Neural Activity Is Modulated by Trial History: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Effects of a Previous Antisaccade
J. Neurosci.,
February 14, 2007;
27(7):
1791 - 1798.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
G. Stoet and L. H. Snyder
Correlates of stimulus-response congruence in the posterior parietal cortex.
J. Cogn. Neurosci.,
February 1, 2007;
19(2):
194 - 203.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. Chikazoe, S. Konishi, T. Asari, K. Jimura, and Y. Miyashita
Activation of Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus during Response Inhibition across Response Modalities.
J. Cogn. Neurosci.,
January 1, 2007;
19(1):
69 - 80.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
B. D. Corneil, D. P. Munoz, and E. Olivier
Priming of Head Premotor Circuits During Oculomotor Preparation
J Neurophysiol,
January 1, 2007;
97(1):
701 - 714.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
C. Condy, N. Wattiez, S. Rivaud-Pechoux, L. Tremblay, and B. Gaymard
Antisaccade Deficit after Inactivation of the Principal Sulcus in Monkeys
Cereb Cortex,
January 1, 2007;
17(1):
221 - 229.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. Johnston and S. Everling
Monkey Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Sends Task-Selective Signals Directly to the Superior Colliculus
J. Neurosci.,
November 29, 2006;
26(48):
12471 - 12478.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
L. H. Snyder, A. R. Dickinson, and J. L. Calton
Preparatory Delay Activity in the Monkey Parietal Reach Region Predicts Reach Reaction Times
J. Neurosci.,
October 4, 2006;
26(40):
10091 - 10099.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. Gail and R. A. Andersen
Neural dynamics in monkey parietal reach region reflect context-specific sensorimotor transformations.
J. Neurosci.,
September 13, 2006;
26(37):
9376 - 9384.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
V. P. Ferrera and J. Grinband
Perception, Memory, and Action in Frontal and Parietal Cortex. Focus on "Selection and Maintenance of Saccade Goals in the Human Frontal Eye Fields"
J Neurophysiol,
June 1, 2006;
95(6):
3309 - 3310.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. Genovesio, S. Tsujimoto, and S. P. Wise
Neuronal Activity Related to Elapsed Time in Prefrontal Cortex
J Neurophysiol,
May 1, 2006;
95(5):
3281 - 3285.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
P. Sumner, P. Nachev, S. Castor-Perry, H. Isenman, and C. Kennard
Which Visual Pathways Cause Fixation-Related Inhibition?
J Neurophysiol,
March 1, 2006;
95(3):
1527 - 1536.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
O. A. Coubard and Z. Kapoula
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Prevents Short-latency Saccade and Vergence: a TMS Study
Cereb Cortex,
March 1, 2006;
16(3):
425 - 436.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
B. Olk, E. Chang, A. Kingstone, and T. Ro
Modulation of Antisaccades by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Human Frontal Eye Field
Cereb Cortex,
January 1, 2006;
16(1):
76 - 82.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
S. Everling and J. F. X. DeSouza
Rule-dependent Activity for Prosaccades and Antisaccades in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
J. Cogn. Neurosci.,
September 1, 2005;
17(9):
1483 - 1496.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. A. Ford, H. C. Goltz, M. R. G. Brown, and S. Everling
Neural Processes Associated With Antisaccade Task Performance Investigated With Event-Related fMRI
J Neurophysiol,
July 1, 2005;
94(1):
429 - 440.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. D. Connolly, M. A. Goodale, H. C. Goltz, and D. P. Munoz
fMRI Activation in the Human Frontal Eye Field Is Correlated With Saccadic Reaction Time
J Neurophysiol,
July 1, 2005;
94(1):
605 - 611.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
G. Scerif, A. Karmiloff-Smith, R. Campos, M. Elsabbagh, J. Driver, and K. Cornish
To Look or Not to Look? Typical and Atypical Development of Oculomotor Control
J. Cogn. Neurosci.,
April 1, 2005;
17(4):
591 - 604.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
K. Yarrow, H. Johnson, P. Haggard, and J. C. Rothwell
Consistent Chronostasis Effects across Saccade Categories Imply a Subcortical Efferent Trigger
J. Cogn. Neurosci.,
June 1, 2004;
16(5):
839 - 847.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
B. LUNA and J. A. SWEENEY
The Emergence of Collaborative Brain Function: fMRI Studies of the Development of Response Inhibition
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.,
June 1, 2004;
1021(1):
296 - 309.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
H. Awater and M. Lappe
Perception of Visual Space at the Time of Pro- and Anti-Saccades
J Neurophysiol,
June 1, 2004;
91(6):
2457 - 2464.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
N. Amador, M. Schlag-Rey, and J. Schlag
Primate Antisaccade. II. Supplementary Eye Field Neuronal Activity Predicts Correct Performance
J Neurophysiol,
April 1, 2004;
91(4):
1672 - 1689.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. A. Sommer and R. H. Wurtz
What the Brain Stem Tells the Frontal Cortex. I. Oculomotor Signals Sent From Superior Colliculus to Frontal Eye Field Via Mediodorsal Thalamus
J Neurophysiol,
March 1, 2004;
91(3):
1381 - 1402.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. A. Sommer and R. H. Wurtz
What the Brain Stem Tells the Frontal Cortex. II. Role of the SC-MD-FEF Pathway in Corollary Discharge
J Neurophysiol,
March 1, 2004;
91(3):
1403 - 1423.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. Isoda and J. Tanji
Contrasting Neuronal Activity in the Supplementary and Frontal Eye Fields During Temporal Organization of Multiple Saccades
J Neurophysiol,
November 1, 2003;
90(5):
3054 - 3065.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. O. Helminski and M. A. Segraves
Macaque Frontal Eye Field Input to Saccade-Related Neurons in the Superior Colliculus
J Neurophysiol,
August 1, 2003;
90(2):
1046 - 1062.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. P. Munoz, I. T. Armstrong, K. A. Hampton, and K. D. Moore
Altered Control of Visual Fixation and Saccadic Eye Movements in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
J Neurophysiol,
July 1, 2003;
90(1):
503 - 514.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
C. E. Curtis and M. D'Esposito
Success and Failure Suppressing Reflexive Behavior
J. Cogn. Neurosci.,
April 1, 2003;
15(3):
409 - 418.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. F. X. DeSouza, R. S. Menon, and S. Everling
Preparatory Set Associated With Pro-Saccades and Anti-Saccades in Humans Investigated With Event-Related fMRI
J Neurophysiol,
February 1, 2003;
89(2):
1016 - 1023.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
R. M. McPeek and E. L. Keller
Saccade Target Selection in the Superior Colliculus During a Visual Search Task
J Neurophysiol,
October 1, 2002;
88(4):
2019 - 2034.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
Y. Kobayashi, Y. Inoue, M. Yamamoto, T. Isa, and H. Aizawa
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to Performance of Visually Guided Saccade Tasks in Monkeys
J Neurophysiol,
August 1, 2002;
88(2):
715 - 731.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. D. Van Beuzekom and J.A.M. Van Gisbergen
Interaction Between Visual and Vestibular Signals for the Control of Rapid Eye Movements
J Neurophysiol,
July 1, 2002;
88(1):
306 - 322.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
E. M. Reingold and D. M. Stampe
Saccadic Inhibition in Voluntary and Reflexive Saccades
J. Cogn. Neurosci.,
April 1, 2002;
14(3):
371 - 388.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. Gagnon, G. A. O'Driscoll, M. Petrides, and G. B. Pike
The effect of spatial and temporal information on saccades and neural activity in oculomotor structures
Brain,
January 1, 2002;
125(1):
123 - 139.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. L. LeVasseur, J. R. Flanagan, R. J. Riopelle, and D. P. Munoz
Control of volitional and reflexive saccades in Tourette's syndrome
Brain,
October 1, 2001;
124(10):
2045 - 2058.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
J. A. Edelman and M. E. Goldberg
Dependence of Saccade-Related Activity in the Primate Superior Colliculus on Visual Target Presence
J Neurophysiol,
August 1, 2001;
86(2):
676 - 691.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. Pare and R. H. Wurtz
Progression in Neuronal Processing for Saccadic Eye Movements From Parietal Cortex Area LIP to Superior Colliculus
J Neurophysiol,
June 1, 2001;
85(6):
2545 - 2562.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
M. A. Sommer and R. H. Wurtz
Frontal Eye Field Sends Delay Activity Related to Movement, Memory, and Vision to the Superior Colliculus
J Neurophysiol,
April 1, 2001;
85(4):
1673 - 1685.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
D. P. Hanes and R. H. Wurtz
Interaction of the Frontal Eye Field and Superior Colliculus for Saccade Generation
J Neurophysiol,
February 1, 2001;
85(2):
804 - 815.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|

|
 |

|
 |
 
A. H. Bell, S. Everling, and D. P. Munoz
Influence of Stimulus Eccentricity and Direction on Characteristics of Pro- and Antisaccades in Non-Human Primates
J Neurophysiol,
November 1, 2000;
84(5):
2595 - 2604.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
 |
|
|