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Previous Article | Next Article
The Journal of Neuroscience, October 1, 2000, 20(19):7268-7278
Huntingtin Expression Stimulates Endosomal-Lysosomal Activity, Endosome Tubulation, and Autophagy
Kimberly B. Kegel1, Manho Kim1, Ellen Sapp1, Charmian McIntyre1, José G. Castaño2, Neil Aronin3, and Marian DiFiglia1 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, 2 Departamento de Bioquímica e Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain, and 3 Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
An expansion of polyglutamines in the N terminus of huntingtin causes Huntington's disease (HD) and results in the accrual of mutant protein in the nucleus and cytoplasm of affected neurons. How mutant huntingtin causes neurons to die is unclear, but some recent observations suggest that an autophagic process may occur. We showed previously that huntingtin markedly accumulates in endosomal-lysosomal organelles of affected HD neurons and, when exogenously expressed in clonal striatal neurons, huntingtin appears in cytoplasmic vacuoles causing cells to shrink. Here we show that the huntingtin-enriched cytoplasmic vacuoles formed in vitro internalized the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D in proportion to the polyglutamine-length in huntingtin. Huntingtin-labeled vacuoles displayed the ultrastructural features of early and late autophagosomes (autolysosomes), had little or no overlap with ubiquitin, proteasome, and heat shock protein 70/heat shock cognate 70 immunoreactivities, and altered the arrangement of Golgi membranes, mitochondria, and nuclear membranes. Neurons with excess cytoplasmic huntingtin also exhibited increased tubulation of endosomal membranes. Exogenously expressed human full-length wild-type and mutant huntingtin codistributed with endogenous mouse huntingtin in soluble and membrane fractions, whereas human N-terminal huntingtin products were found only in membrane fractions that contained lysosomal organelles. We speculate that mutant huntingtin accumulation in HD activates the endosomal-lysosomal system, which contributes to huntingtin proteolysis and to an autophagic process of cell death.
Key words: Huntington's disease; autophagy; lysosomes; endosome tubulation; cathepsin D; N-terminal huntingtin; huntingtin proteolysis
Copyright © 2000 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/00/20197268-11$05.00/0
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