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The Journal of Neuroscience, November 15, 2000, 20(22):8452-8461

Neurotensin-Induced Bursting of Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Neurons Promotes  and  Cortical Activity Together with Waking and Paradoxical Sleep

Edmund G. Cape, Ian D. Manns, Angel Alonso, Alain Beaudet, and Barbara E. Jones

Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4

Cholinergic basal forebrain neurons have long been thought to play an important role in cortical activation and behavioral state, yet the precise way in which they influence these processes has yet to be fully understood. Here, we have examined the effects on the electroencephalogram (EEG) and sleep-wake state of basal forebrain administration of neurotensin (NT), a neuropeptide that has been shown in vitro to potently and selectively modulate the cholinergic cells. Microinjection of (0.1-3.0 mM) NT into the basal forebrain of freely moving, naturally waking-sleeping rats produced a dose-dependent decrease in  (~1-4 Hz) and increase in both  (~4-9 Hz) and high-frequency  activity (30-60 Hz) across cortical, areas with no increase in the electromyogram. These EEG changes were accompanied by concomitant decreases in slow wave sleep (SWS) and transitional SWS (tSWS), increases in wake, and most remarkably, increases in paradoxical sleep (PS) and transitional PS (tPS), despite the virtual absence of SWS. The effects were attributed to direct action on cholinergic neurons as evidenced by selective internalization of a fluorescent ligand, Fluo-NT, in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-immunoreactive cells and stimulation by NT of bursting discharge in juxtacellularly recorded, Neurobiotin-labeled, ChAT-immunoreactive neurons. We conclude that NT-induced rhythmic bursting of cholinergic basal forebrain neurons stimulates rhythmic  oscillations and  across the cerebral cortex. With the selective action of NT on the cholinergic cells, their bursting discharge promotes  and  independent of motor activity and thereby also stimulates and enhances PS.

Key words: acetylcholine; choline acetyltransferase; EEG; sleep-wake states; slow wave sleep;

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Copyright © 2000 Society for Neuroscience  0270-6474/00/20228452-10$05.00/0

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