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The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1, 2000, 20(23):8572-8577

Phase Shifting the Retinal Circadian Clock: xPer2 mRNA Induction by Light and Dopamine

Brooke M. Steenhard1, 2 and Joseph C. Besharse1

1 Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, and 2 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas

A circadian clock is located in the retinal photoreceptors of the African clawed frog Xenopus laevis. These photoreceptor clocks are thought to govern a wide variety of output rhythms, including melatonin release and gene expression. Both light and dopamine phase shift the retinal clock in a phase-dependent manner. Two homologs of the Drosophila period gene have been cloned in Xenopus, and one of these (xPer2) is acutely regulated by light. Light and dopamine induce xPer2 mRNA in a similar manner. In addition, the increase of xPer2 mRNA in response to light and dopamine is the same at all times of day tested. In contrast, xPer1 mRNA exhibits circadian oscillations but is relatively insensitive to phase-shifting treatments of light or dopamine. Our data suggest that xPer2 functions as the molecular link between the light/dark cycle and the circadian clock.

Key words: circadian rhythms; circadian clock; period genes; phase shifting; light induction; retina; photoreceptors; dopamine; D2 receptors; Xenopus

Copyright © 2000 Society for Neuroscience  0270-6474/00/20238572-06$05.00/0


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