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The Journal of Neuroscience, April 1, 2000, 20(7):2691-2700
What and When: Parallel and Convergent Processing in Motor Control
Katsuyuki Sakai1, 2, Okihide Hikosaka1, Ryousuke Takino3, Satoru Miyauchi4, Matthew Nielsen4, and Tomoe Tamada5 1 Department of Physiology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113, Japan, 2 Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan, 3 Shiraume Gakuen College, Tokyo 187, Japan, 4 Communications Research Laboratory, Kobe 651-24, Japan, and 5 Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kyoto 619-02, Japan
Successful motor behavior requires making appropriate response (response selection) at the right time (timing adjustment). Earlier psychological studies have suggested that the response selection and timing adjustment processes are performed serially in separate stages. We tested this hypothesis using functional magnetic resonance imaging. The subjects performed a choice reaction time task in four conditions: two (on-line response selection required or not) by two (on-line timing adjustment required or not). We found that the neural correlates for the two processes were indeed separate: the anterior medial premotor cortex (presupplementary motor area) was selectively active in response selection, whereas the cerebellar posterior lobe was selectively active in timing adjustment. However, the functional separation was only partial in that the lateral premotor cortex and the intraparietal sulcus were active equally for response selection and timing adjustment. The lateral premotor cortex was most active when both processes were required, suggesting that it integrates the information on response selection and the information on timing adjustment; alternatively, it might contribute to the allocation of attentional resources during dual information processing. The intraparietal sulcus was equally active when either response selection or timing adjustment was required, suggesting that it modifies, rather than integrates, these processes. Furthermore, our results suggest that these activations related to response selection and timing adjustment were distinct from sensory or motor processes.
Key words: response selection; timing adjustment; motor execution; parallel processing; medial premotor cortex; cerebellum; lateral premotor cortex
Copyright © 2000 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/00/2072691-10$05.00/0
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