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The Journal of Neuroscience, November 1, 2002, 22(21):9581-9594
Nitric Oxide Is Necessary for Multiple Memory Processes after
Learning That a Food Is Inedible in Aplysia
Ayelet
Katzoff,
Tziona
Ben-Gedalya, and
Abraham J.
Susswein
Faculty of Life Sciences, Gonda (Goldschmied) Medical Diagnostic
Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52 900, Israel
Nitric oxide (NO) signaling was inhibited via
N -nitro-L-arginine methyl ester
(L-NAME) during and after training Aplysia that a food is inedible. Treating animals with L-NAME 10 min before the start of training blocked the formation of three
separable memory processes: (1) short-term, (2) intermediate-term, and
(3) long-term memory. The treatment also attenuated, but did not block, a fourth memory process, very short-term memory. L-NAME had
little or no effect on feeding behavior per se or on most aspects of the animals' behavior while they were being trained, indicating that
the substance did not cause a pervasive modulation or poisoning of many
aspects of feeding and other behaviors. Application of L-NAME within 1 min after the training had no effect on
short- or long-term memory, indicating that NO signaling was not needed during memory consolidation. Treating animals with the NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazdine-1-oxy-3-oxide before training also blocked long-term memory. Memory was not blocked by
D-NAME, or by the simultaneous treatment with
L-NAME and the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine,
confirming that the effect of L-NAME is attributable to its
effect as a competitive inhibitor of L-arginine for NO
synthase in the production of NO rather than to possible effects at
other sites. These data indicate that NO signaling during training
plays a critical role in the formation of multiple memory processes.
Key words:
nitric oxide; learning; long-term memory; short-term
memory; intermediate-term memory; feeding; Aplysia
Copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/02/22219581-14$05.00/0
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