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The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 2002, 22(24):10539-10548

Modulation of Alzheimer-Like Synaptic and Cholinergic Deficits in Transgenic Mice by Human Apolipoprotein E Depends on Isoform , Aging, and Overexpression of Amyloid  Peptides But Not on Plaque Formation

Manuel Buttini¹, Gui-Qiu Yu¹, Kristina Shockley¹, Yadong Huang¹, Brian Jones¹, Eliezer Masliah³, Margaret Mallory³, Tracy Yeo^{2, 4}, Frank M. Longo^{2, 4}, and Lennart Mucke^{1, 2}

¹ Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, and ² Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94141-9100, ³ Departments of Neurosciences and Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0624, and ⁴ Veterans Affair's Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121

The most frequent human apolipoprotein (apo) E isoforms, E3 and E4, differentially affect Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk (E4 > E3) and age of onset (E4 < E3). Compared with apoE3, apoE4 promotes the cerebral deposition of amyloid  (A) peptides, which are derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and play a central role in AD. However, it is uncertain whether A deposition into plaques is the main mechanism by which apoE isoforms affect AD. We analyzed murine apoE-deficient transgenic mice expressing in their brains human APP (hAPP) and A together with apoE3 or apoE4. Because cognitive decline in AD correlates better with decreases in synaptophysin-immunoreactive presynaptic terminals, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, and ChAT-positive fibers than with plaque load, we compared these parameters in hAPP/apoE3 and hAPP/apoE4 mice and singly transgenic controls at 6-7, 12-15, and 19-24 months of age. Brain aging in the context of high levels of nondeposited human A resulted in progressive synaptic/cholinergic deficits. ApoE3 delayed the synaptic deficits until old age, whereas apoE4 was not protective at any of the ages analyzed. Old hAPP/apoE4 mice had more plaques than old hAPP/apoE3 mice, but synaptic/cholinergic deficits preceded plaque formation in hAPP/apoE4 mice. Moreover, despite their different plaque loads, old hAPP/apoE4 and hAPP/apoE3 mice had comparable synaptic/cholinergic deficits, and these deficits were found not only in the hippocampus but also in the neocortex, which in most mice contained no plaques. Thus, apoE3, but not apoE4, delays age- and A-dependent synaptic deficits through a plaque-independent mechanism. This difference could contribute to the differential effects of apoE isoforms on the risk and onset of AD.

Key words: acetylcholine; aging; Alzheimer's disease; amyloid; apolipoprotein E; cholinergic; neurodegeneration; synapses; transgenic

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Copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience  0270-6474/02/222410539-10$05.00/0

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