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The Journal of Neuroscience, April 15, 2002, 22(8):3061-3069

ADP and AMP Induce Interleukin-1 Release from Microglial Cells through Activation of ATP-Primed P2X₇ Receptor Channels

Yassar Chakfe¹, Rosanne Seguin², Jack P. Antel², Céline Morissette³, Danielle Malo⁴, Duncan Henderson⁵, and Philippe Séguéla¹

¹ Cell Biology of Excitable Tissue Group and ² Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4, ³ Department of Biology, Neurochem Inc., Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada H4S 2A1, ⁴ Department of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A4, and ⁵ Department of Molecular Biology, AstraZeneca Charnwood, Loughborough, United Kingdom LE11 5RH

P2X₇ is a subtype of ATP-gated channels that is highly expressed in astrocytes, microglia, and other immune cells. Activation of P2X₇ purinoceptors by ATP or 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)-benzoyl ATP (BzATP) induces the formation of cytolytic pores and provokes release of interleukin-1 from immune cells. We investigated the actions of other endogenous nucleotides on recombinant and microglial P2X₇ receptors using electrophysiology, fluorescence imaging, and interleukin-1 release measurement. We found that initial application of ADP or AMP to Xenopus oocytes expressing P2X₇ receptors was ineffective. However, when ADP and AMP, but not UTP or adenosine, were applied after a brief exposure to ATP or BzATP, they activated P2X₇ receptors in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, responses to ADP and AMP were also elicited after exposure to low concentrations of ATP and were recorded several minutes after removal of ATP from the extracellular medium. Whole-cell recordings from mouse microglial cells showed that significant responses to ADP and AMP were elicited only after ATP application. YO-PRO-1 dye uptake imaging revealed that, unlike ATP, prolonged application of ADP or AMP did not cause an opening of large cytolytic pores in mouse microglial cells. Finally, ADP and AMP stimulated the release of interleukin-1 from ATP-primed mouse and human microglial cells. We conclude that selective sensitization of P2X₇ receptors to ADP and AMP requires priming with ATP. This novel property of P2X₇ leads to activation by ATP metabolites and proinflammatory cytokine release from microglia without cytotoxicity.

Key words: nucleotides; purinoceptors; interleukin-1; cytokines; pore formation; microglia

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Copyright © 2002 Society for Neuroscience  0270-6474/02/2283061-09$05.00/0

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