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The Journal of Neuroscience, July 30, 2003, 23(17):6748-6753

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Making Memories without Trying: Medial Temporal Lobe Activity Associated with Incidental Memory Formation during Recognition

Craig E. L. Stark^1,2 and Yoko Okado¹

Departments of ¹Psychological and Brain Sciences and ²Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218

Structures in the medial portions of the human temporal lobes (MTL) play a vital role in the ability to learn new facts and events, whether such learning is intentional or incidental. We examined neural activity in the MTL both while participants studied pictures of novel scenes and while they attempted to recognize which scenes had been previously presented. In a second surprise test we assessed participants' memory for items that were presented only during the previous recognition memory test. We present a novel approach to cross-participant alignment of neuroimaging data that provides more precise localization and enhanced statistical power within regions such as the MTL. Using this technique, we observed that the amount of MTL activity predicted participants' ability to subsequently remember scenes not only during the intentional study task, but also during the first memory retrieval test when only incidental encoding occurred. This encoding-related activity during memory retrieval was in the same subregions of the MTL as encoding-related activity during intentional study and is hypothesized to be one of the primary reasons why retrieval-related activity is often difficult to observe with neuroimaging techniques.

Key words: memory; fMRI; hippocampus; recognition; encoding; MTL; medial temporal lobe; subsequent memory

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Received Apr. 22, 2003; revised May. 23, 2003; accepted Jun. 2, 2003.

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