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The Journal of Neuroscience, July 30, 2003, 23(17):6754-6758
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Post-Training Intra-Basolateral Amygdala Infusions of Norepinephrine Enhance Consolidation of Memory for Contextual Fear Conditioning
Ryan T. LaLumiere,
Thea-Vanessa Buen, and
James L. McGaugh
Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory and Department of
Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine,
California 92697-3800
Post-training infusions of drugs, including noradrenergic agonists and
antagonists, into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) influence the consolidation
of memory for training in several tasks, including inhibitory avoidance. There
is, however, conflicting evidence concerning whether post-training intra-BLA
drug infusions modulate the consolidation of contextual fear conditioning
(CFC). In the present study, norepinephrine (NE) was infused bilaterally into
the BLA of male Sprague Dawley rats immediately after training on two CFC
tasks: a Y-maze and a straight alley. Post-training intra-BLA infusions
enhanced memory of CFC training in the Y-maze, as assessed by percentage of
time spent freezing and shock arm entrance latencies. Post-training intra-BLA
infusions of NE enhanced 48 hr retention of CFC training in the straight
alley, as assessed by shock compartment entrance latencies and the number of
shocks required to learn to avoid entering the shock compartment. These
findings indicate that the consolidation of memory for CFC, like that for
inhibitory avoidance training, is influenced by post-training neuromodulatory
influences within the BLA. Thus, the findings provide additional evidence
consistent with the hypothesis that the BLA has a general role in modulating
memory consolidation.
Key words: amygdala; memory consolidation; norepinephrine; contextual fear conditioning; inhibitory avoidance; learning
Received Mar. 3, 2003;
revised Jun. 3, 2003;
accepted Jun. 4, 2003.
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