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The Journal of Neuroscience, August 6, 2003, 23(18):7129-7142
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Activity-Regulated Dynamic Behavior of Early Dendritic Protrusions: Evidence for Different Types of Dendritic Filopodia
Carlos Portera-Cailliau,
David T. Pan, and
Rafael Yuste
Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New
York 10027
Dendritic filopodia are long and thin protrusions that occur predominantly
during early development of the mammalian CNS. The function of dendritic
filopodia is unknown, but they could serve to form early synapses, to generate
spines, or to regulate dendritic branching and growth. We used two-photon
imaging to characterize the motile behavior of dendritic protrusions during
early postnatal development (P2-P12) in pyramidal neurons from acute slices of
mouse neocortex. Dendritic protrusions in immature neurons are highly dynamic,
and this motility is actin based. Motility and turnover of these early
protrusions decreases throughout development, mirroring an increase in their
average lifetime and density. Interestingly, density, motility, and length of
filopodia are greater in dendritic growth cones than in dendritic shafts.
These growth cones disappear after P5. Blocking synaptic transmission globally
using TTX or calcium-free solutions led to a 40-120% increase in the density
and length of dendritic filopodia in shafts but not in growth cones. Moreover,
blocking ionotropic glutamate receptors resulted in an 35% decrease in
the density and turnover of shaft filopodia, whereas focal glutamate
application led to a 75% increase in the length of shaft filopodia, but
neither manipulation affected growth cone filopodia. Our results support the
existence of two populations of filopodia, in growth cones and shafts, which
are differentially regulated by neuronal activity. We propose that filopodia
in dendritic growth cones are involved in dendritic growth and branching in an
activity-independent manner, whereas shaft filopodia are responsible for
activity-dependent synaptogenesis and, in some cases, may become dendritic
spines.
Key words: two-photon; cortex; spine; motility; glutamate; synaptogenesis
Received Feb. 5, 2003;
revised Jun. 9, 2003;
accepted Jun. 12, 2003.
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