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The Journal of Neuroscience, September 3, 2003, 23(22):8002-8012
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Neural Coding of "Attention for Action" and "Response Selection" in Primate Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Yoshikazu Isomura,1,2,3
Yumi Ito,1
Toshikazu Akazawa,1
Atsushi Nambu,1,2 and
Masahiko Takada1,2
1Department of System Neuroscience, Tokyo
Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan,
2 Core Research for Evolutional Science and
Technology, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, Kawaguchi, Saitama
332-0012, Japan, and 3The Japan Society for the
Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8471, Japan
Noninvasive imaging techniques showed that the anterior cingulate cortex is
related to higher-order cognitive and motor-related functions in humans. To
elucidate the cellular mechanism of such cingulate functions, single-unit
activity was recorded from three cingulate motor areas of macaque monkeys
performing delayed conditional Go/No-go discrimination tasks using spatial
(location) and nonspatial (color) visual cues. Unlike prefrontal neurons, only
a few neurons coded the visual information on individual features (e.g.,
"left" or "red") in all of the rostral (CMAr), dorsal
(CMAd), and ventral (CMAv) cingulate motor areas. Instead, many neurons in the
CMAr exhibited the attention-like activity anticipating the second
(conditioned) visual cues, with the specificity to visual category
("location" or "color"). In addition, there were a
number of CMAr neurons specific to motor response (Go or
No-go) in relation to the second visual cues. Some of the visual
category-specific neurons in the CMAr further displayed the motor
response-specific activity. On the other hand, many of the task-related CMAd
and CMAv neurons seemed to be implicated directly in motor functions, such as
preparation and execution of movements in Go trials. The present results
suggest that the CMAr neurons may participate in cognitive and motor functions
of "attention for action" and "response selection" for
an appropriate action according to an intention, whereas the CMAd and CMAv
neurons may be involved in "motor preparation and execution".
Key words: Go/No-go discrimination; anterior attention system; motor decision; cingulate motor areas; single-unit recording; macaque monkey
Received Feb 25, 2003;
revised June 23, 2003;
accepted July 9, 2003.
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