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The Journal of Neuroscience, September 10, 2003, 23(23):8291-8301

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Activation of Purinergic Receptor Subtypes Modulates Odor Sensitivity

Colleen C. Hegg,² Denise Greenwood,² Wei Huang,¹ Pengcheng Han,¹ and Mary T. Lucero¹

¹Department of Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108-1297, and ²Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Private bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand

Purinergic nucleotides, including ATP and adenosine, are important neuromodulators of peripheral auditory and visual sensory systems (Thorne and Housley, 1996). ATP released by the olfactory epithelium (OE) after noxious stimuli provides a physiological source for a neuromodulatory substance independent of efferent innervation. Here we show that multiple subtypes of purinergic receptors are differentially expressed in olfactory receptor neurons and sustentacular support cells. Activation of purinergic receptors evoked inward currents and increases in intracellular calcium in cultured mouse olfactory receptor neurons. A mouse olfactory epithelial slice preparation and confocal imaging were used to measure changes in intracellular calcium in response to odors, purinergic receptor (P2R) agonists, or combined odor + P2R agonists. Pharmacological studies show that both P2Y and P2X receptor activation by exogenous and endogenous ATP significantly reduces odor responsiveness. Moreover, purinergic receptor antagonists increase the odor-evoked calcium transient, providing direct evidence that endogenous ATP modulates odor sensitivity via activation of multiple purinergic receptor subtypes in olfactory receptor neurons. Odor activation of G-protein-coupled receptors results in increased cAMP production, opening of cyclic nucleotide-gated channels, influx of Ca²⁺ and Na⁺, depolarization of the membrane, and activation of voltage- and Ca²⁺-gated ion channels. On-cell current-clamp recordings of olfactory receptor neurons from neonatal mouse slices revealed that ATP reduced cyclic nucleotide-induced electrical responses. These data also support the idea that ATP modulates odor sensitivity in mammalian olfactory neurons. Peripheral ATP-mediated odor suppression is a novel mechanism for reduced olfactory sensitivity during exposure to olfactotoxins and may be a novel neuroprotective mechanism.

Key words: olfactory receptor neuron; sustentacular cell; ATP; olfactory system; modulation; purinergic receptor

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Received May 7, 2003; revised July 17, 2003; accepted July 17, 2003.

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