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The Journal of Neuroscience, September 24, 2003, 23(25):8682-8691

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Cellular/Molecular
Enhanced Oligodendrocyte Survival after Spinal Cord Injury in Bax-Deficient Mice and Mice with Delayed Wallerian Degeneration

Hongxin Dong,¹ Alicia Fazzaro,¹ Chuanxi Xiang,¹ Stanley J. Korsmeyer,⁴ Mark F. Jacquin,¹ and John W. McDonald^1,2,3

¹Department of Neurology, Spinal Cord Injury Neuro-Rehabilitation Section, Restorative Treatment and Research Program, and Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury, Departments of ²Neurological Surgery, Anatomy, and ³Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, and ⁴Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115

Mechanisms of oligodendrocyte death after spinal cord injury (SCI) were evaluated by T9 cord level hemisection in wild-type mice (C57BL/6J and Bax+/+ mice), Wld^s mice in which severed axons remain viable for 2 weeks, and mice deficient in the proapoptotic protein Bax (Bax-/-). In the lateral white-matter tracts, substantial oligodendrocyte death was evident in the ipsilateral white matter 3-7 mm rostral and caudal to the hemisection site 8 d after injury. Ultrastructural analysis and expression of anti-activated caspase-3 characterized the ongoing oligodendrocyte death at 8 d as primarily apoptotic. Oligodendrocytes were selectively preserved in Wld^s mice compared with C57BL/6J mice at 8 d after injury, when severed axons remained viable as verified by antereograde labeling of the lateral vestibular spinal tract. However, 30 d after injury when the severed axons in Wld^s animals were already degenerated, the oligodendrocytes preserved at 8 d were lost, and numbers were then equivalent to control C57BL/6J mice.

In contrast, oligodendrocyte death was prevented at both time points in Bax-/- mice. When cultured oligodendrocytes were exposed to staurosporine or cyclosporin A, drugs known to stimulate apoptosis in oligodendrocytes, those from Bax-/- mice but not from Bax+/+ or Bax+/- mice were resistant to the apoptotic death. In contrast, the three groups were equally vulnerable to excitotoxic necrosis death induced by kainate. On the basis of these data, we hypothesize that the Wallerian degeneration of white matter axons that follows SCI removes axonal support and induces apoptotic death in oligodendrocytes by triggering Bax expression.

Key words: apoptosis; spinal cord hemisection; oligodendrocyte death; Wld^s mutation; Bax deficiency; Bax-/-; Wallerian degeneration; immunohistochemistry

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Received Feb 19, 2003; revised June 5, 2003; accepted June 26, 2003.

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