 |
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The Journal of Neuroscience, October 8, 2003, 23(27):9240-9245
Previous Article | Next Article
Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Brain Structures Differ between Musicians and Non-Musicians
Christian Gaser1,2 andGottfried Schlaug1 1Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, and 2Department of Psychiatry, University of Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany
From an early age, musicians learn complex motor and auditory skills (e.g., the translation of visually perceived musical symbols into motor commands with simultaneous auditory monitoring of output), which they practice extensively from childhood throughout their entire careers. Using a voxel-by-voxel morphometric technique, we found gray matter volume differences in motor, auditory, and visual-spatial brain regions when comparing professional musicians (keyboard players) with a matched group of amateur musicians and non-musicians. Although some of these multiregional differences could be attributable to innate predisposition, we believe they may represent structural adaptations in response to long-term skill acquisition and the repetitive rehearsal of those skills. This hypothesis is supported by the strong association we found between structural differences, musician status, and practice intensity, as well as the wealth of supporting animal data showing structural changes in response to long-term motor training. However, only future experiments can determine the relative contribution of predisposition and practice.
Key words: musician; brain; morphometry; motor training; sensorimotor; gray matter
Received June 18, 2003; revised August 22, 2003; accepted August 26, 2003.
This article has been cited by other articles:
P. Bermudez, J. P. Lerch, A. C. Evans, and R. J. Zatorre
Neuroanatomical Correlates of Musicianship as Revealed by Cortical Thickness and Voxel-Based Morphometry
Cereb Cortex, July 1, 2009; 19(7): 1583 - 1596.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
A. May
Morphing voxels: the hype around structural imaging of headache patients
Brain, June 1, 2009; 132(6): 1419 - 1425.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K. C. Harris, J. R. Dubno, N. I. Keren, J. B. Ahlstrom, and M. A. Eckert
Speech Recognition in Younger and Older Adults: A Dependency on Low-Level Auditory Cortex
J. Neurosci., May 13, 2009; 29(19): 6078 - 6087.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
S. Li, Y. Han, D. Wang, H. Yang, Y. Fan, Y. Lv, H. Tang, Q. Gong, Y. Zang, and Y. He
Mapping Surface Variability of the Central Sulcus in Musicians
Cereb Cortex, May 11, 2009; (2009) bhp074v1.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K. M. Lee, E. Skoe, N. Kraus, and R. Ashley
Selective Subcortical Enhancement of Musical Intervals in Musicians
J. Neurosci., May 6, 2009; 29(18): 5832 - 5840.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K. L. Hyde, J. Lerch, A. Norton, M. Forgeard, E. Winner, A. C. Evans, and G. Schlaug
Musical Training Shapes Structural Brain Development
J. Neurosci., March 11, 2009; 29(10): 3019 - 3025.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
S. Moreno, C. Marques, A. Santos, M. Santos, S. L. Castro, and M. Besson
Musical Training Influences Linguistic Abilities in 8-Year-Old Children: More Evidence for Brain Plasticity
Cereb Cortex, March 1, 2009; 19(3): 712 - 723.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
P. H. Weiss and G. R. Fink
Grapheme-colour synaesthetes show increased grey matter volumes of parietal and fusiform cortex
Brain, January 1, 2009; 132(1): 65 - 70.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. Valet, H. Gundel, T. Sprenger, C. Sorg, M. Muhlau, C. Zimmer, P. Henningsen, and T. R. Tolle
Patients With Pain Disorder Show Gray-Matter Loss in Pain-Processing Structures: A Voxel-Based Morphometric Study
Psychosom Med, January 1, 2009; 71(1): 49 - 56.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
C. Lappe, S. C. Herholz, L. J. Trainor, and C. Pantev
Cortical Plasticity Induced by Short-Term Unimodal and Multimodal Musical Training
J. Neurosci., September 24, 2008; 28(39): 9632 - 9639.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
E. G. Duerden and D. Laverdure-Dupont
Practice Makes Cortex
J. Neurosci., August 27, 2008; 28(35): 8655 - 8657.
[Full Text] [PDF]
J. Boyke, J. Driemeyer, C. Gaser, C. Buchel, and A. May
Training-Induced Brain Structure Changes in the Elderly
J. Neurosci., July 9, 2008; 28(28): 7031 - 7035.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. S. Franklin, K. Sledge Moore, C.-Y. Yip, J. Jonides, K. Rattray, and J. Moher
The effects of musical training on verbal memory
Psychology of Music, July 1, 2008; 36(3): 353 - 365.
[Abstract] [PDF]
A. Iriki and O. Sakura
The neuroscience of primate intellectual evolution: natural selection and passive and intentional niche construction
Phil Trans R Soc B, June 27, 2008; 363(1500): 2229 - 2241.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
R. Ilg, A. M. Wohlschlager, C. Gaser, Y. Liebau, R. Dauner, A. Woller, C. Zimmer, J. Zihl, and M. Muhlau
Gray Matter Increase Induced by Practice Correlates with Task-Specific Activation: A Combined Functional and Morphometric Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
J. Neurosci., April 16, 2008; 28(16): 4210 - 4215.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
P. C.M. Wong, C. M. Warrier, V. B. Penhune, A. K. Roy, A. Sadehh, T. B. Parrish, and R. J. Zatorre
Volume of Left Heschl's Gyrus and Linguistic Pitch Learning
Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2008; 18(4): 828 - 836.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. D. Cykowski, P. V. Kochunov, R. J. Ingham, J. C. Ingham, J.-F. Mangin, D. Riviere, J. L. Lancaster, and P. T. Fox
Perisylvian Sulcal Morphology and Cerebral Asymmetry Patterns in Adults Who Stutter
Cereb Cortex, March 1, 2008; 18(3): 571 - 583.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K. Rosenkranz, K. Butler, A. Williamon, C. Cordivari, A. J. Lees, and J. C. Rothwell
Sensorimotor reorganization by proprioceptive training in musician's dystonia and writer's cramp
Neurology, January 22, 2008; 70(4): 304 - 315.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. Reis, O. B. Swayne, Y. Vandermeeren, M. Camus, M. A. Dimyan, M. Harris-Love, M. A. Perez, P. Ragert, J. C. Rothwell, and L. G. Cohen
Contribution of transcranial magnetic stimulation to the understanding of cortical mechanisms involved in motor control
J. Physiol., January 15, 2008; 586(2): 325 - 351.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
W. W. Seeley, B. R. Matthews, R. K. Crawford, M. L. Gorno-Tempini, D. Foti, I. R. Mackenzie, and B. L. Miller
Unravelling Bolero: progressive aphasia, transmodal creativity and the right posterior neocortex
Brain, January 1, 2008; 131(1): 39 - 49.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. B. Nielsen and L. G. Cohen
The olympic brain. Does corticospinal plasticity play a role in acquisition of skills required for high-performance sports?
J. Physiol., January 1, 2008; 586(1): 65 - 70.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. Muhlau, C. Gaser, R. Ilg, B. Conrad, C. Leibl, M. H. Cebulla, H. Backmund, M. Gerlinghoff, P. Lommer, A. Schnebel, et al.
Gray Matter Decrease of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Anorexia Nervosa
Am J Psychiatry, December 1, 2007; 164(12): 1850 - 1857.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K. Aydin, A. Ucar, K.K. Oguz, O.O. Okur, A. Agayev, Z. Unal, S. Yilmaz, and C. Ozturk
Increased Gray Matter Density in the Parietal Cortex of Mathematicians: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., November 1, 2007; 28(10): 1859 - 1864.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
G. Musacchia, M. Sams, E. Skoe, and N. Kraus
Musicians have enhanced subcortical auditory and audiovisual processing of speech and music
PNAS, October 2, 2007; 104(40): 15894 - 15898.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K. Rosenkranz, A. Williamon, and J. C. Rothwell
Motorcortical Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Is Enhanced in Professional Musicians
J. Neurosci., May 9, 2007; 27(19): 5200 - 5206.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
N. Golestani, N. Molko, S. Dehaene, D. LeBihan, and C. Pallier
Brain Structure Predicts the Learning of Foreign Speech Sounds
Cereb Cortex, March 1, 2007; 17(3): 575 - 582.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
L. Stewart, K. von Kriegstein, J. D. Warren, and T. D. Griffiths
Music and the brain: disorders of musical listening
Brain, October 1, 2006; 129(10): 2533 - 2553.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. D. Schaechter, C. I. Moore, B. D. Connell, B. R. Rosen, and R. M. Dijkhuizen
Structural and functional plasticity in the somatosensory cortex of chronic stroke patients
Brain, October 1, 2006; 129(10): 2722 - 2733.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
T Etgen, M Muhlau, C Gaser, and D Sander
Bilateral grey-matter increase in the putamen in primary blepharospasm
J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, September 1, 2006; 77(9): 1017 - 1020.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
B. Draganski, C. Gaser, G. Kempermann, H. G. Kuhn, J. Winkler, C. Buchel, and A. May
Temporal and spatial dynamics of brain structure changes during extensive learning.
J. Neurosci., June 7, 2006; 26(23): 6314 - 6317.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
Perspectives on Neuroscience and Behavior
Neuroscientist, February 1, 2006; 12(1): 7 - 8.
[PDF]
A. Mechelli, K. J. Friston, R. S. Frackowiak, and C. J. Price
Structural Covariance in the Human Cortex
J. Neurosci., September 7, 2005; 25(36): 8303 - 8310.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
R. Kotter and E. Wanke
Mapping brains without coordinates
Phil Trans R Soc B, April 29, 2005; 360(1456): 751 - 766.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K. S. Kendler
Toward a Philosophical Structure for Psychiatry
Am J Psychiatry, March 1, 2005; 162(3): 433 - 440.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K. Aydin, K. Ciftci, E. Terzibasioglu, M. Ozkan, A. Demirtas, S. Sencer, and O. Minareci
Quantitative Proton MR Spectroscopic Findings of Cortical Reorganization in the Auditory Cortex of Musicians
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., January 1, 2005; 26(1): 128 - 136.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
C. L. Armstrong, E. Traipe, J. V. Hunter, J. C. Haselgrove, G. E. Ledakis, E. M. Tallent, D. Shera, and M. A. van Buchem
Age-Related, Regional, Hemispheric, and Medial-Lateral Differences in Myelin Integrity in Vivo in the Normal Adult Brain
AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., June 1, 2004; 25(6): 977 - 984.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|