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The Journal of Neuroscience, October 22, 2003, 23(29):9479-9490
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Development/Plasticity/Repair
The Role of Microtubule-Associated Protein 2c in the Reorganization of Microtubules and Lamellipodia during Neurite Initiation
Leif Dehmelt, Fiona M. Smart, Rachel S. Ozer, andShelley Halpain Department of Cell Biology and Institute for Childhood and Neglected Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
During neurite initiation, cells surrounded by a flattened, actin-rich lamellipodium transform to produce thin, microtubule-filled neurite shafts tipped by actin-rich growth cones, but little is known about this transformation. Our detailed time-lapse analyses of cultured hippocampal neurons, a widely used model system for neuronal development, revealed that neurites emerge from segmented lamellipodia, which then gradually extend from the cell body to become nascent growth cones. This suggests that actin- and microtubule-rich structures are reorganized in a coordinated manner. We hypothesized that proteins such as microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), which can interact with both cytoskeletal components, might be critically involved in neurite initiation. Live-cell video and fluorescence microscopy in Neuro-2a cells showed that expression of MAP2c triggers neurite formation via rapid accumulation and bundling of stable, MAP2c-bound microtubules, concurrent with a gradual transformation of lamellipodia into nascent growth cones. The microtubule-stabilizing agent Taxol did not mimic this effect, suggesting that the ability of MAP2c to stabilize microtubules is not sufficient for neurite initiation. However, combination of Taxol treatment with actin disruption induced robust process formation, suggesting that inhibitory effects of F-actin need to be overcome as well. Neurite initiation by MAP2c required its microtubule-binding domain and was enhanced by its binding domain for cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). MAP2c mutants defective in both PKA and microtubule binding acted as dominant negative inhibitors of neurite initiation in neuroblastoma cells and primary hippocampal neurons. Together, these data suggest that MAP2c bears functions that both stabilize microtubules and directly or indirectly alter actin organization during neurite initiation.
Key words: microtubule-associated proteins; MAP2; growth cone; neurite; cell motility; actin; microtubules; lamellipodia
Received June 4, 2003; revised August 25, 2003; accepted August 26, 2003.
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