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The Journal of Neuroscience, February 15, 2003, 23(4):1464

A Neural Basis for Auditory Feedback Control of Vocal Pitch

Michael Smotherman¹, Shuyi Zhang³, and Walter Metzner^{1, 2}

¹ Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606, ² Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1761, and ³ Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, People's Republic of China

Hearing one's own voice is essential for the production of correct vocalization patterns in many birds and mammals, including humans. Bats, for instance, adjust temporal, spectral, and intensity parameters of their echolocation calls by precisely monitoring the characteristics of the returning echo signals. However, neuronal substrates and mechanisms for auditory feedback control of vocalizations are still mostly unknown in any vertebrate. We used echolocating horseshoe bats to investigate the role of the midbrain and hindbrain tegmentum for the control of call frequencies in response to changing auditory feedback. These bats accurately control the frequency of their echolocation calls through auditory feedback both when the bat is at rest [resting frequency (RF)] and when it is flying and compensating for changes in echo frequency caused by flight-induced Doppler shifts [Doppler shift compensation (DSC)]. We iontophoretically injected various GABAergic and glutamatergic transmitter agonists and antagonists into the brainstem tegmentum. We found that within the parabrachial nuclei and the immediately adjacent tegmentum, excitatory effects caused by application of the glutamate agonist AMPA or the GABA_A antagonist bicuculline raised RF and the frequency of calls emitted during DSC. Bicuculline application routinely blocked DSC altogether. Alternately, inhibitory effects caused by application of either the GABA_A agonist muscimol or the AMPA antagonist CNQX lowered call frequencies emitted at rest and during DSC. Such an audio-vocal feedback mechanism might share basic aspects with audio-vocal feedback controlling the pitch of vocalizations in other mammals, including the involuntary response to "pitch-shifted feedback" in humans.

Key words: audio-vocal feedback control; echolocation; horseshoe bats; Rhinolophus; Doppler shift compensation; parabrachial nuclei

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Copyright © 2003 Society for Neuroscience  0270-6474/03/2341464-14$05.00/0

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				N. Ulanovsky and C. F. Moss What the bat's voice tells the bat's brain PNAS, June 24, 2008; 105(25): 8491 - 8498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. R. Sinha and C. F. Moss Vocal Premotor Activity in the Superior Colliculus J. Neurosci., January 3, 2007; 27(1): 98 - 110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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