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The Journal of Neuroscience, April 28, 2004, 24(17):4266-4282; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3688-03.2004

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Development/Plasticity/Repair
Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 and -4 Limit the Number of Enteric Neurons But Promote Development of a TrkC-Expressing Neurotrophin-3-Dependent Subset

Alcmène Chalazonitis,¹ Fabien D'Autréaux,^1 * Udayan Guha,^2 * Tuan D. Pham,¹ Christophe Faure,³ Jason J. Chen,¹ Daniel Roman,¹ Lixin Kan,⁴ Taube P. Rothman,¹ John A. Kessler,⁴ and Michael D. Gershon¹

¹Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, ²Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, ³Service de Gastroentérologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1C5, and ⁴Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611

The hypothesis that BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins), which act early in gut morphogenesis, also regulate specification and differentiation in the developing enteric nervous system (ENS) was tested. Expression of BMP-2 and BMP-4, BMPR-IA (BMP receptor subunit), BMPR-IB, and BMPR-II, and the BMP antagonists, noggin, gremlin, chordin, and follistatin was found when neurons first appear in the primordial bowel at embryonic day 12 (E12). Agonists, receptors, and antagonists were detected in separated populations of neural crest- and noncrest-derived cells. When applied to immunopurified E12 ENS precursors, BMP-2 and BMP-4 induced nuclear translocation of phosphorylated Smad-1 (Sma and Mad-related protein). The number of neurons developing from these cells was increased by low concentrations and decreased by high concentrations of BMP-2 or BMP-4. BMPs induced the precocious appearance of TrkC-expressing neurons and their dependence on neurotrophin-3 for survival. BMP-4 interacted with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to enhance neuronal development but limited GDNF-driven expansion of the precursor pool. BMPs also promoted development of smooth muscle from mesenchymal cells immunopurified at E12. To determine the physiological significance of these observations, the BMP antagonist noggin was overexpressed in the developing ENS of transgenic mice under the control of the neuron-specific enolase promoter. Neuronal numbers in both enteric plexuses and smooth muscle were increased throughout the postnatal small intestine. These increases were already apparent by E18. In contrast, TrkC-expressing neurons decreased in both plexuses of postnatal noggin-overexpressing animals, again an effect detectable at E18. BMP-2 and/or BMP-4 thus limit the size of the ENS but promote the development of specific subsets of enteric neurons, including those that express TrkC.

Key words: neural crest; p75^NTR; GDNF; Smad protein; enteric nervous system; autonomic nervous system; gut

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Received Aug 6, 2003; revised March 16, 2004; accepted March 17, 2004.

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