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The Journal of Neuroscience, January 28, 2004, 24(4):999-1003; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4840-03.2004

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Optical Recording of Action Potentials with Second-Harmonic Generation Microscopy

Daniel A. Dombeck,¹ Mireille Blanchard-Desce,² and Watt W. Webb¹

¹School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, and ²Synthese et Electrosynthese Organiques (Unité Mixte de Recherche 6510, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Institut de Chimie, Universite de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes, France

Nonlinear microscopy has proven to be essential for neuroscience investigations of thick tissue preparations. However, the optical recording of fast (1 msec) cellular electrical activity has never until now been successfully combined with this imaging modality. Through the use of second-harmonic generation microscopy of primary Aplysia neurons in culture labeled with 4-[4-(dihexylamino)phenyl][ethynyl]-1-(4-sulfobutyl)pyridinium (inner salt), we optically recorded action potentials with 0.833 msec temporal and 0.6 µm spatial resolution on soma and neurite membranes. Second-harmonic generation response as a function of change in membrane potential was found to be linear with a signal change of 6%/100 mV. The signal-to-noise ratio was 1 for single-trace action potential recordings but was readily increased to 6–7 with temporal averaging of 50 scans. Photodamage was determined to be negligible by observing action potential characteristics, cellular resting potential, and gross cellular morphology during and after laser illumination. High-resolution (micrometer scale) optical recording of membrane potential activity by previous techniques has been limited to imaging depths an order of magnitude less than nonlinear methods. Because second-harmonic generation is capable of imaging up to 400 µm deep into intact tissue with submicron resolution and little out-of-focus photodamage or bleaching, its ability to record fast electrical activity should prove valuable to future electrophysiology studies.

Key words: imaging; action potential; membrane potential; second-harmonic generation; microscopy; nonlinear; optical; voltage-sensitive dye

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Received Oct 28, 2003; revised December 1, 2003; accepted December 1, 2003.

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