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The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 2004, 24(50):11253-11263; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2657-04.2004

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Neurobiology of Disease
Anandamide-Evoked Activation of Vanilloid Receptor 1 Contributes to the Development of Bladder Hyperreflexia and Nociceptive Transmission to Spinal Dorsal Horn Neurons in Cystitis

Paulo Dinis,^1,5 * Ana Charrua,^1,2 * Antonio Avelino,^1,2 Mohammed Yaqoob,³ Stuart Bevan,³ Istvan Nagy,⁴ and Francisco Cruz^1,5

¹Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal, ²Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal, ³Novartis Institute for Medical Sciences, London WC1E 6BN, United Kingdom, ⁴Department of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom, and ⁵Department of Urology, Hospital São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

The role of anandamide in the development of inflammatory hyperalgesia and visceral hyperreflexia was studied in the rat urinary bladder. Animals were given intraperitoneal cyclophosphamide injection, which evokes painful hemorrhagic cystitis accompanied by increased bladder reflex activity. The vanilloid receptor 1 [transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)] antagonist capsazepine, applied onto the serosal surface of bladders, significantly reduced the hyperreflexia. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed that cyclophosphamide injection significantly and persistently increased the anandamide content of bladder tissues. The increase in the anandamide content paralleled the development of reflex hyperactivity. Anandamide (1-100 µM), applied onto the serosal surface of naive bladders, increased the reflex activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Repeated anandamide applications did not produce desensitization of the response. The anandamide-evoked effect was blocked by capsazepine or by instillation of resiniferatoxin, the ultrapotent TRPV1 agonist, into the bladders 24 hr before the anandamide challenge. The cannabinoid 1 receptor antagonist SR141716A [N-piperidino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methylpyrazole-3-carboxamide] significantly increased the potency of anandamide in enhancing bladder reflex activity in naive but not in cyclophosphamide-injected animals. Application of the fatty acid amide hydrolyze inhibitor palmitoylisopropylamine onto the serosal surface of bladders also increased the reflex activity both in naive and cyclophosphamide-injected rats. This latter effect in naive animals was blocked by capsazepine and by resiniferatoxin pretreatment. Finally, intravesical instillation of anandamide (50 µM) increased c-fos expression in the spinal cord, which was reduced by capsazepine or by resiniferatoxin pretreatment.

These results suggest that anandamide, through activating TRPV1, contributes to the development of hyperreflexia and hyperalgesia during cystitis.

Key words: capsaicin; bladder; primary sensory neuron; cyclophosphamide; hyperalgesia; resiniferatoxin

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Received July 3, 2004; revised November 3, 2004; accepted November 3, 2004.

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