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The Journal of Neuroscience, January 12, 2005, 25(2):473-478; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4218-04.2005

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Adaptation to Visuomotor Transformations: Consolidation, Interference, and Forgetting

John W. Krakauer,¹ Claude Ghez,^1,2 and M. Felice Ghilardi²

¹Department of Neurology and ²Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032-2603

The paradigm task Atask Btask A, which varies the time interval between task A and task B, has been used extensively to investigate the consolidation of motor memory. Consolidation is defined as resistance to retrograde interference (interference by task B on initial learning of task A). Consolidation has been demonstrated for simple skills, motor sequencing, and learning of force fields. In contrast, evidence to date suggests that visuomotor learning does not consolidate. We have shown previously that adaptation to a 30° screen-cursor rotation is faster and more complete on relearning 24 hr later. This improvement is prevented if a 30° counter-rotation is learned 5 min after the original rotation. Here, we sought to identify conditions under which rotation learning becomes resistant to interference by a counter-rotation. In experiment 1, we found that interference persists even when the counter-rotation is learned 24 hr after the initial rotation. In experiment 2, we removed potential anterograde interference (interference by task B on relearning of task A) by introducing washout blocks before all of the learning blocks. In contrast to experiment 1, we found resistance to interference (i.e., consolidation) when the counter-rotation was learned after 24 hr but not after 5 min. In experiment 3, we doubled the amount of initial rotation learning and found resistance to interference even after 5 min. Our results suggest that persistent interference is attributable to anterograde effects on memory retrieval. When anterograde effects are removed, rotation learning consolidates both over time and with increased initial training.

Key words: motor learning; consolidation; retrograde interference; anterograde interference; visuomotor rotation; arm movements

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Received Oct 11, 2004; revised November 12, 2004; accepted November 15, 2004.

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