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The Journal of Neuroscience, July 6, 2005, 25(27):6343-6349; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0228-05.2005

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Noradrenergic Modulation of Emotion-Induced Forgetting and Remembering

René Hurlemann,¹ Barbara Hawellek,¹ Andreas Matusch,³ Heike Kolsch,¹ Heike Wollersen,² Burkhard Madea,² Kai Vogeley,¹ Wolfgang Maier,¹ and Raymond J. Dolan⁴

¹Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany, ²Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany, ³Institute of Medicine, Research Center Juelich, 52425 Juelich, Germany, and ⁴Wellcome Department of Imaging Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom

We used a free-recall paradigm to establish a behavioral index of the retrograde and anterograde interference of emotion with episodic memory encoding. In two experiments involving 78 subjects, we show that negatively valenced items elicit retrograde amnesia, whereas positively valenced items elicit retrograde hypermnesia. These data indicate item valence is critical in determining retrograde amnesia and retrograde hypermnesia. In contrast, we show that item arousal induces an anterograde amnesic effect, consistent with the idea that a valence-evoked arousal mechanism compromises anterograde episodic encoding. Randomized double-blind administration of the -adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol compared with the selective norepinephrine (NE) reuptake-inhibitor reboxetine, and placebo, demonstrated that the magnitude of this emotional amnesia and hypermnesia can be upregulated and downregulated as a function of emotional arousal and central NE signaling. We conclude that a differential processing of emotional arousal and valence influences how the brain remembers and forgets.

Key words: emotion; episodic memory; free recall; norepinephrine; propranolol; reboxetine

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Received Jan 17, 2005; revised May 29, 2005; accepted May 29, 2005.

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