 |
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The Journal of Neuroscience, July 20, 2005, 25(29):6869-6876; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1765-05.2005
Previous Article | Next Article
Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Split-Belt Treadmill Stepping in Infants Suggests Autonomous Pattern Generators for the Left and Right Leg in Humans
Jaynie F. Yang, Erin V. Lamont, andMarco Y. C. Pang Department of Physical Therapy and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G4
The behavior of the pattern generator for walking in human infants (7-12 months of age) was studied by supporting the infants to step on a split-belt treadmill. The treadmill belts could be run at the same speed (tied-belt), different speeds, or in different directions (split-belt). We determined whether the legs could operate independently under these conditions, as demonstrated by taking different numbers of steps or by stepping in different directions. Video, surface electromyography, electrogoniometry, and force platform data were recorded. The majority of infants who could step under tied-belt conditions also stepped under split-belt conditions. During forward stepping at low speed differentials between the two belts (ratio, <4), infants adopted a step cycle duration that was intermediate between that expected from tied-belt stepping at each of the speeds. At large speed differentials between the two belts (ratio, 7-22), the infants took extra steps on the fast leg during the stance phase on the slow leg. When the two belts ran in opposite directions, one leg stepped forward, and the other stepped backward. During all forms of stepping, the legs maintained a reciprocal relationship, so that swing phase occurred in one leg at a time. Timing of muscle activity suggests a strong inhibition between the flexor-generating centers on each side and a weaker inhibition between the extensor-generating centers. The stepping behavior resembled that reported for other animals under similar conditions, suggesting that the pattern generator for each limb is autonomous but interacts with its counterpart for the contralateral limb.
Key words: locomotion; central pattern generator; human; development; sensorimotor; movement; motion; motor activity
Received May 3, 2005; revised June 15, 2005; accepted June 16, 2005.
This article has been cited by other articles:
T. Onushko and B. D. Schmit
Reflex Response to Imposed Bilateral Hip Oscillations in Human Spinal Cord Injury
J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2007; 98(4): 1849 - 1861.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
N. Dominici, Y. P. Ivanenko, and F. Lacquaniti
Control of Foot Trajectory in Walking Toddlers: Adaptation to Load Changes
J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2007; 97(4): 2790 - 2801.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K. E. Musselman and J. F. Yang
Loading the Limb During Rhythmic Leg Movements Lengthens the Duration of Both Flexion and Extension in Human Infants
J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2007; 97(2): 1247 - 1257.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. F. Yang and M. Gorassini
Spinal and Brain Control of Human Walking: Implications for Retraining of Walking
Neuroscientist, October 1, 2006; 12(5): 379 - 389.
[Abstract] [PDF]
Y. P. Ivanenko, R. E. Poppele, and F. Lacquaniti
Motor Control Programs and Walking
Neuroscientist, August 1, 2006; 12(4): 339 - 348.
[Abstract] [PDF]
The Neuroscientist Comments
Neuroscientist, December 1, 2005; 11(6): 522 - 523.
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|