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The Journal of Neuroscience, February 9, 2005, 25(6):1448-1458; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4600-04.2005

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Development/Plasticity/Repair
Nitric Oxide-Directed Synaptic Remodeling in the Adult Mammal CNS

Carmen R. Sunico, Federico Portillo, David González-Forero, and Bernardo Moreno-López

Área de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain

In adult mammals, learning, memory, and restoration of sensorimotor lost functions imply synaptic reorganization that requires diffusible messengers-mediated communication between presynaptic and postsynaptic structures. A candidate molecule to accomplish this function is the gaseous intercellular messenger nitric oxide (NO), which is involved in synaptogenesis and projection refinement during development; however, the role of NO in synaptic reorganization processes in adulthood remains to be established. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that this free radical is a mediator in the adult mammal CNS synaptic remodeling processes using a model of hypoglossal axonal injury recently developed by us. Axonal injury-induced disconnection of motoneurons from myocytes produces withdrawal of synaptic inputs to motoneurons and concomitant upregulation of the neuronal isoform of NO synthase (NOS-I). After recovery of the neuromuscular function, synaptic coverage is reestablished and NOS-I is downregulated. We also report, by using functional and morphological approaches, that chronic inhibition of the NO/cGMP pathway prevents synaptic withdrawal evoked by axon injury, despite the persistent muscle disconnection. After successful withdrawal of synaptic boutons, inhibition of NO synthesis, but not of cGMP, accelerated the recovery of synaptic coverage, although neuromuscular disconnection was maintained. Furthermore, protein S-nitrosylation was upregulated after nerve injury, and this effect was reversed by NOS-I inhibition. Our results suggest that during synaptic remodeling in the adult CNS, NO acts as a signal for synaptic detachment and inhibits synapse formation by cGMP-dependent and probably S-nitrosylation-mediated mechanisms, respectively. We also suggest a feasible role of NO in neurological disorders coursing with NOS-I upregulation.

Key words: synaptic plasticity; nitric oxide; cGMP; hypoglossal motoneurons; degenerative processes; regenerative processes

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Received Aug 3, 2004; revised December 20, 2004; accepted December 21, 2004.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. R. Sunico, D. Gonzalez-Forero, G. Dominguez, J. M. Garcia-Verdugo, and B. Moreno-Lopez Nitric Oxide Induces Pathological Synapse Loss by a Protein Kinase G-, Rho Kinase-Dependent Mechanism Preceded by Myosin Light Chain Phosphorylation J. Neurosci., January 20, 2010; 30(3): 973 - 984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Deng, D. Glanzman, and J. G. Tidball Nitric oxide generated by muscle corrects defects in hippocampal neurogenesis and neural differentiation caused by muscular dystrophy J. Physiol., April 15, 2009; 587(8): 1769 - 1778. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Nikonenko, B. Boda, S. Steen, G. Knott, E. Welker, and D. Muller PSD-95 promotes synaptogenesis and multiinnervated spine formation through nitric oxide signaling J. Cell Biol., December 15, 2008; 183(6): 1115 - 1127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Antonov, T. Ha, I. Antonova, L. L. Moroz, and R. D. Hawkins Role of Nitric Oxide in Classical Conditioning of Siphon Withdrawal in Aplysia J. Neurosci., October 10, 2007; 27(41): 10993 - 11002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Gonzalez-Forero, F. Portillo, L. Gomez, F. Montero, S. Kasparov, and B. Moreno-Lopez Inhibition of Resting Potassium Conductances by Long-Term Activation of the NO/cGMP/Protein Kinase G Pathway: A New Mechanism Regulating Neuronal Excitability J. Neurosci., June 6, 2007; 27(23): 6302 - 6312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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