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The Journal of Neuroscience, April 19, 2006, 26(16):4415-4425; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3215-05.2006
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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Amygdala and Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Are Inversely Coupled during Regulation of Negative Affect and Predict the Diurnal Pattern of Cortisol Secretion among Older Adults
Heather L. Urry,1,2 Carien M. van Reekum,1,2 Tom Johnstone,1 Ned H. Kalin,2,3 Marchell E. Thurow,2 Hillary S. Schaefer,1 Cory A. Jackson,2 Corrina J. Frye,2 Lawrence L. Greischar,2 Andrew L. Alexander,2,3,4 andRichard J. Davidson1,2,3 1Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior and Departments of 2Psychology, 3Psychiatry, and 4Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
Correspondence should be addressed to Heather L. Urry at her present address: Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155. Email: heather.urry{at}tufts.edu
Among younger adults, the ability to willfully regulate negative affect, enabling effective responses to stressful experiences, engages regions of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the amygdala. Because regions of PFC and the amygdala are known to influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, here we test whether PFC and amygdala responses during emotion regulation predict the diurnal pattern of salivary cortisol secretion. We also test whether PFC and amygdala regions are engaged during emotion regulation in older (62- to 64-year-old) rather than younger individuals. We measured brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging as participants regulated (increased or decreased) their affective responses or attended to negative picture stimuli. We also collected saliva samples for 1 week at home for cortisol assay. Consistent with previous work in younger samples, increasing negative affect resulted in ventral lateral, dorsolateral, and dorsomedial regions of PFC and amygdala activation. In contrast to previous work, decreasing negative affect did not produce the predicted robust pattern of higher PFC and lower amygdala activation. Individuals demonstrating the predicted effect (decrease < attend in the amygdala), however, exhibited higher signal in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) for the same contrast. Furthermore, participants displaying higher VMPFC and lower amygdala signal when decreasing compared with the attention control condition evidenced steeper, more normative declines in cortisol over the course of the day. Individual differences yielded the predicted link between brain function while reducing negative affect in the laboratory and diurnal regulation of endocrine activity in the home environment.
Key words: emotion regulation; amygdala; ventromedial prefrontal cortex; cortisol; negative affect; pupil dilation
Received Aug. 2, 2005; revised March 15, 2006; accepted March 20, 2006.
Correspondence should be addressed to Heather L. Urry at her present address: Department of Psychology, Tufts University, 490 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA 02155. Email: heather.urry{at}tufts.edu
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