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The Journal of Neuroscience, May 10, 2006, 26(19):5198-5203; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3157-05.2006

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Brief Communications
Differentiating the Roles of the Hippocampus and Perirhinal Cortex in Processes beyond Long-Term Declarative Memory: A Double Dissociation in Dementia

Andy C. H. Lee,¹ Mark J. Buckley,² David Gaffan,² Tina Emery,¹ John R. Hodges,^1,3 and Kim S. Graham¹

¹Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 2EF, United Kingdom, ²Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, United Kingdom, and ³University Neurology Unit, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, United Kingdom

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Andy Lee, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, UK. Email: andy.lee{at}mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk

There is increasing evidence to suggest that the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex may mediate processes beyond long-term declarative memory. We assessed patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or semantic dementia (SD) on a visual oddity judgment task that did not place an explicit demand on long-term memory and is known to be sensitive to hippocampal and perirhinal cortex lesions. Importantly, within the medial temporal lobe, AD is associated with predominant hippocampal atrophy, whereas SD patients have greater perirhinal cortex damage. The AD group was selectively impaired in oddity judgment for scenes, whereas the SD patients demonstrated a deficit in face oddity judgment only. This compelling double dissociation supports the idea that the hippocampus and perirhinal cortex may be critical for the processing of scenes and objects, respectively, in the domain of perception or very short-term working memory.

Key words: memory; perception; amnesia; Alzheimer's disease; semantic dementia; discrimination

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Received July 29, 2005; revised April 6, 2006; accepted April 6, 2006.

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Andy Lee, Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge CB2 2EF, UK. Email: andy.lee{at}mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk

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