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The Journal of Neuroscience, May 31, 2006, 26(22):5990-5995; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0038-06.2006

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Role of the Olivo-Cerebellar System in Timing

Duo Xu,¹ Tao Liu,² James Ashe,^1,2 and Khalafalla O. Bushara^1,3

¹Neurology Service and ²Brain Science Center, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, and ³University of Minnesota Ataxia Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Khalafalla O. Bushara, Neurology Service (127), Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417. Email: busha001{at}umn.edu

Timing has been proposed as a basic function of the cerebellar cortex (particularly the climbing fiber afferents and their sole source, the inferior olive) that explains the contribution of the cerebellum to both motor control and nonmotor cognitive functions. However, whether the olivo-cerebellar system mediates time perception without motor behavior remains controversial. We used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to dissociate the neural correlates of the perceptual from the motor aspects of timing. The results show activation of multiple areas within the cerebellar cortex during both perception and motor performance of temporal sequences. The results further show that the inferior olive was activated only when subjects perceived the temporal sequences without motor activity. This finding is most consistent with electrophysiological studies showing decreased responsiveness of the inferior olivary neurons to sensory input during expected, self-produced movement. Our results suggest that the primary role of the inferior olive and the climbing fiber system in timing is the encoding of temporal information independent of motor behavior.

Key words: fMRI; motor; perception; temporal; inferior olive; cerebellum

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Received Oct. 8, 2005; revised April 23, 2006; accepted April 24, 2006.

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Khalafalla O. Bushara, Neurology Service (127), Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417. Email: busha001{at}umn.edu

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