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The Journal of Neuroscience, July 12, 2006, 26(28):7452-7459; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1158-06.2006

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Time Course of Functional Connectivity between Dorsal Premotor and Contralateral Motor Cortex during Movement Selection

Giacomo Koch,^1,2,3 Michele Franca,¹ Miguel Fernandez Del Olmo,^1,4 Binith Cheeran,¹ Rosemary Milton,¹ Maria Alvarez Sauco,¹ and John C. Rothwell¹

¹Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom, ²Laboratory of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, Foundation Santa Lucia Institute of Hospitalization and Care to Scientific Character, 00179 Rome, Italy, ³Neurological Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy, and ⁴Galicia National Institute of Physical Education, Institute of Physical Education and Sport, La Coruña, Spain

Correspondence should be addressed to Professor John C. Rothwell, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. Email: J.Rothwell{at}ion.ucl.ac.uk

The left dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) is thought to play a dominant role in the selection of movements made by either hand. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the functional connectivity of the left PMd and right primary motor cortex (M1) during an acoustic choice reaction time (RT) task involving contraction of the thumb and forefinger. The facilitatory and inhibitory pathways that can be demonstrated between left PMd and right M1 at rest were suppressed during most of the reaction period. However, they were activated briefly at the start of the reaction period, depending on whether the cue indicated that the forthcoming movement had to be made with the left or the right hand. The facilitatory pathway was active at 75 ms in those trials in which the subjects were required to move the left hand, whereas the inhibitory pathway was active at 100 ms in trials in which the subjects had to move the right hand. These changes in excitability did not occur in hand muscles not used in the task. There were no significant changes in the excitability of intracortical circuits [short intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF)] in the right M1. Interhemispheric interactions between the right PMd and left M1 were mainly inhibitory at rest and showed the same temporal profile of interhemispheric inhibition as for left PMd–right M1, although no evidence was found for facilitatory interactions. The results illustrate the importance of PMd not only in facilitating cued movements but also in suppressing movements that have been prepared but are not used.

Key words: premotor cortex; transcranial magnetic stimulation; paired TMS; corticocortical connectivity; movement selection; time

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Received March 17, 2006; revised June 8, 2006; accepted June 8, 2006.

Correspondence should be addressed to Professor John C. Rothwell, Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK. Email: J.Rothwell{at}ion.ucl.ac.uk

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