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The Journal of Neuroscience, October 18, 2006, 26(42):10700-10708; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4931-05.2006

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Neurobiology of Disease
Neural Basis of Dyslexia: A Comparison between Dyslexic and Nondyslexic Children Equated for Reading Ability

Fumiko Hoeft,¹ Arvel Hernandez,¹ Glenn McMillon,¹ Heather Taylor-Hill,¹ Jennifer L. Martindale,¹ Ann Meyler,² Timothy A. Keller,² Wai Ting Siok,¹ Gayle K. Deutsch,¹ Marcel Adam Just,² Susan Whitfield-Gabrieli,¹ and John D. E. Gabrieli¹

¹Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California 94305-2130, and ²Center for Cognitive Brain Imaging, Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-3890

Correspondence should be addressed to Fumiko Hoeft, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5795. Email: fumiko{at}stanford.edu

Adults and children with developmental dyslexia exhibit reduced parietotemporal activation in functional neuroimaging studies of phonological processing. These studies used age-matched and/or intelligence quotient-matched control groups whose reading ability and scanner task performance were often superior to that of the dyslexic group. It is unknown, therefore, whether differences in activation reflect simply poorer performance in the scanner, the underlying level of reading ability, or more specific neural correlates of dyslexia. To resolve this uncertainty, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging study, with a rhyme judgment task, in which we compared dyslexic children with two control groups: age-matched children and reading-matched children (younger normal readers equated for reading ability or scanner-performance to the dyslexic children). Dyslexic children exhibited reduced activation relative to both age-matched and reading-matched children in the left parietotemporal cortex and five other regions, including the right parietotemporal cortex. The dyslexic children also exhibited reduced activation bilaterally in the parietotemporal cortex when compared with children equated for task performance during scanning. Nine of the 10 dyslexic children exhibited reduced left parietotemporal activation compared with their individually selected age-matched or reading-matched control children. Additionally, normal reading fifth graders showed more activation in the same bilateral parietotemporal regions than normal-reading third graders. These findings indicate that the activation differences seen in the dyslexic children cannot be accounted for by either current reading level or scanner task performance, but instead represent a distinct developmental atypicality in the neural systems that support learning to read.

Key words: dyslexia; age-matched; reading ability-matched; parietotemporal region; fMRI; phonological processing

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Received Nov. 18, 2005; revised Aug. 24, 2006; accepted Aug. 29, 2006.

Correspondence should be addressed to Fumiko Hoeft, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305-5795. Email: fumiko{at}stanford.edu

This article has been cited by other articles:

				W. T. Siok, Z. Niu, Z. Jin, C. A. Perfetti, and L. H. Tan From the Cover: A structural-functional basis for dyslexia in the cortex of Chinese readers PNAS, April 8, 2008; 105(14): 5561 - 5566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. A. Church, R. S. Coalson, H. M. Lugar, S. E. Petersen, and B. L. Schlaggar A Developmental fMRI Study of Reading and Repetition Reveals Changes in Phonological and Visual Mechanisms Over Age Cereb Cortex, January 31, 2008; (2008) bhm228v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Hoeft, A. Meyler, A. Hernandez, C. Juel, H. Taylor-Hill, J. L. Martindale, G. McMillon, G. Kolchugina, J. M. Black, A. Faizi, et al. Functional and morphometric brain dissociation between dyslexia and reading ability PNAS, March 6, 2007; 104(10): 4234 - 4239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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