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The Journal of Neuroscience, February 22, 2006, 26(8):2157-2166; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4070-05.2005

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Development/Plasticity/Repair
Endogenous Neurogenesis Replaces Oligodendrocytes and Astrocytes after Primate Spinal Cord Injury

Hong Yang,¹ Paul Lu,¹ Heather M. McKay,² Tim Bernot,² Hans Keirstead,³ Oswald Steward,³ Fred H. Gage,⁴ V. Reggie Edgerton,⁵ and Mark H. Tuszynski^1,6

¹Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0626, ²California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616, ³Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, ⁴Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, ⁵Department of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and ⁶Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Mark H. Tuszynski, Department of Neurosciences-0626, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093. Email: mtuszyns{at}ucsd.edu

Neurogenesis has been described in various regions of the CNS throughout life. We examined the extent of natural cell division and replacement from 7 weeks to 7 months after cervical spinal cord injury in four adult rhesus monkeys. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) injections revealed an increase of >80-fold in the number of newly divided cells in the primate spinal cord after injury, with an average of 725,000 BrdU-labeled cells identified per monkey in the immediate injury zone. By 7 months after injury, 15% of these new cells expressed mature markers of oligodendrocytes and 12% expressed mature astrocytic markers. Newly born oligodendrocytes were present in zones of injury-induced demyelination and appeared to ensheath or remyelinate host axons. Thus, cell replacement is an extensive natural compensatory response to injury in the primate spinal cord that contributes to neural repair and is a potential target for therapeutic enhancement.

Key words: oligodendrocytes; astrocytes; proliferation; spinal cord; injury; Schwann cell

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Received Sept. 26, 2005; revised Dec. 19, 2005; accepted Dec. 20, 2005.

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Mark H. Tuszynski, Department of Neurosciences-0626, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093. Email: mtuszyns{at}ucsd.edu

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