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The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1, 2006, 26(9):2424-2433; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4682-05.2006
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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Cortical and Subcortical Contributions to Stop Signal Response Inhibition: Role of the Subthalamic Nucleus
Adam R. Aron andRussell A. Poldrack Department of Psychology and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Adam R. Aron, Department of Psychology, Franz Hall, Box 951563, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095. Email: adamaron{at}ucla.edu
Suppressing an already initiated manual response depends critically on the right inferior frontal cortex (IFC), yet it is unclear how this inhibitory function is implemented in the motor system. It has been suggested that the subthalamic nucleus (STN), which is a part of the basal ganglia, may play a role because it is well placed to suppress the "direct" fronto-striatal pathway that is activated by response initiation. In two experiments, we investigated this hypothesis with functional magnetic resonance imaging and a Stop-signal task. Subjects responded to Go signals and attempted to inhibit the initiated response to occasional Stop signals. In experiment 1, Going significantly activated frontal, striatal, pallidal, and motor cortical regions, consistent with the direct pathway, whereas Stopping significantly activated right IFC and STN. In addition, Stopping-related activation was significantly greater for fast inhibitors than slow ones in both IFC and STN, and activity in these regions was correlated across subjects. In experiment 2, high-resolution functional and structural imaging confirmed the location of Stopping activation within the vicinity of the STN. We propose that the role of the STN is to suppress thalamocortical output, thereby blocking Go response execution. These results provide convergent data for a role for the STN in Stop-signal response inhibition. They also suggest that the speed of Go and Stop processes could relate to the relative activation of different neural pathways. Future research is required to establish whether Stop-signal inhibition could be implemented via a direct functional neuroanatomic projection between IFC and STN (a "hyperdirect" pathway).
Key words: striatum; frontal; activation; fMRI; cognitive control; imaging; Parkinson’s disease
Received Nov. 1, 2005; revised Jan. 11, 2006; accepted Jan. 19, 2006.
Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Adam R. Aron, Department of Psychology, Franz Hall, Box 951563, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095. Email: adamaron{at}ucla.edu
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