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The Journal of Neuroscience, April 4, 2007, 27(14):3639-3649; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4396-06.2007

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Neurobiology of Disease
ß-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 Levels Become Elevated in Neurons around Amyloid Plaques: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis

Jie Zhao,¹ Yifan Fu,¹ Marina Yasvoina,¹ Peizhen Shao,¹ Brian Hitt,¹ Tracy O'Connor,¹ Sreemathi Logan,¹ Erika Maus,¹ Martin Citron,² Robert Berry,¹ Lester Binder,¹ and Robert Vassar¹

¹Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, and ²Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Robert Vassar, Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Email: r-vassar{at}northwestern.edu

ß-Site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) (ß-secretase) initiates generation of ß-amyloid (Aß), which plays an early role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). BACE1 levels are increased in postmortem AD brain, suggesting BACE1 elevation promotes Aß production and AD. Alternatively, the BACE1 increase may be an epiphenomenon of late-stage AD. To distinguish between these possibilities, we analyzed BACE1 elevation using a highly specific BACE1 antibody, BACE-Cat1, made in BACE1–/– mice, which mount a robust anti-BACE1 immune response. Previous BACE1 immunohistochemical studies lack consistent results because typical BACE1 antibodies produce nonspecific background, but BACE-Cat1 immunolabels BACE1 only. BACE1 elevation was recapitulated in two amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mouse lines. 5XFAD mice form amyloid plaques at young ages and exhibit neuron loss. In contrast, Tg2576 form plaques at a more advanced age and do not show cell death. These two mouse lines allow differentiation between early Aß-induced events and late phenomena related to neuron death. BACE1 levels became elevated in parallel with amyloid burden in each APP transgenic, starting early in 5XFAD and late in Tg2576. The increase in BACE1 protein occurred without any change in BACE1 mRNA level, indicating a posttranscriptional mechanism. In APP transgenic and AD brains, high BACE1 levels were observed in an annulus around Aß42-positive plaque cores and colocalized with neuronal proteins. These results demonstrate that amyloid plaques induce BACE1 in surrounding neurons at early stages of pathology before neuron death occurs. We conclude that BACE1 elevation is most likely triggered by the amyloid pathway and may drive a positive-feedback loop in AD.

Key words: APP transgenic; BACE-Cat1; ß-secretase; neurodegeneration; Tg2576; 5XFAD

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Received Oct. 9, 2006; revised Feb. 15, 2007; accepted Feb. 18, 2007.

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Robert Vassar, Department of Cell & Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611. Email: r-vassar{at}northwestern.edu

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