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The Journal of Neuroscience, April 4, 2007, 27(14):3743-3752; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0519-07.2007

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Triangulating a Cognitive Control Network Using Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Functional MRI

Adam R. Aron,^1,2 Tim E. Behrens,^3,4 Steve Smith,³ Michael J. Frank,⁵ and Russell A. Poldrack²

¹Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, ²Department of Psychology and Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, ³Center for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and ⁴Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom, and ⁵Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. A. R. Aron, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093. Email: adamaron{at}ucsd.edu

The ability to stop motor responses depends critically on the right inferior frontal cortex (IFC) and also engages a midbrain region consistent with the subthalamic nucleus (STN). Here we used diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) tractography to show that the IFC and the STN region are connected via a white matter tract, which could underlie a "hyperdirect" pathway for basal ganglia control. Using a novel method of "triangulation" analysis of tractography data, we also found that both the IFC and the STN region are connected with the presupplementary motor area (preSMA). We hypothesized that the preSMA could play a conflict detection/resolution role within a network between the preSMA, the IFC, and the STN region. A second experiment tested this idea with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) using a conditional stop-signal paradigm, enabling examination of behavioral and neural signatures of conflict-induced slowing. The preSMA, IFC, and STN region were significantly activated the greater the conflict-induced slowing. Activation corresponded strongly with spatial foci predicted by the DWI tract analysis, as well as with foci activated by complete response inhibition. The results illustrate how tractography can reveal connections that are verifiable with fMRI. The results also demonstrate a three-way functional–anatomical network in the right hemisphere that could either brake or completely stop responses.

Key words: cognitive control; inferior frontal cortex; presupplementary motor area; subthalamic nucleus; tractography; stop signal

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Received Feb. 6, 2007; revised Feb. 22, 2007; accepted Feb. 23, 2007.

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. A. R. Aron, Department of Psychology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093. Email: adamaron{at}ucsd.edu

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