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The Journal of Neuroscience, May 23, 2007, 27(21):5796-5804; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4246-06.2007

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Time Discounting for Primary Rewards

Samuel M. McClure,¹ Keith M. Ericson,² David I. Laibson,^2,3 George Loewenstein,⁴ and Jonathan D. Cohen^1,5

¹Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, ²National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, ³Department of Economics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, ⁴Department of Social and Decision Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, and ⁵Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213

Correspondence should be addressed to Samuel M. McClure, Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540. Email: smcclure{at}princeton.edu

Previous research, involving monetary rewards, found that limbic reward-related areas show greater activity when an intertemporal choice includes an immediate reward than when the options include only delayed rewards. In contrast, the lateral prefrontal and parietal cortex (areas commonly associated with deliberative cognitive processes, including future planning) respond to intertemporal choices in general but do not exhibit sensitivity to immediacy (McClure et al., 2004). The current experiments extend these findings to primary rewards (fruit juice or water) and time delays of minutes instead of weeks. Thirsty subjects choose between small volumes of drinks delivered at precise times during the experiment (e.g., 2 ml now vs 3 ml in 5 min). Consistent with previous findings, limbic activation was greater for choices between an immediate reward and a delayed reward than for choices between two delayed rewards, whereas the lateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex responded similarly whether choices were between an immediate and a delayed reward or between two delayed rewards. Moreover, relative activation of the two sets of brain regions predicts actual choice behavior. A second experiment finds that when the delivery of all rewards is offset by 10 min (so that the earliest available juice reward in any choice is 10 min), no differential activity is observed in limbic reward-related areas for choices involving the earliest versus only more delayed rewards. We discuss implications of this finding for differences between primary and secondary rewards.

Key words: discounting; primary reward; ventral striatum; medial prefrontal cortex; DLPFC; ACC

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Received Sept. 28, 2006; revised March 4, 2007; accepted April 3, 2007.

Correspondence should be addressed to Samuel M. McClure, Center for the Study of Brain, Mind, and Behavior, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540. Email: smcclure{at}princeton.edu

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For Juice or Money: The Neural Response to Intertemporal Choice of Primary and Secondary Rewards

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J. Neurosci. 2007 27: 12121-12122. [Full Text]  

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