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The Journal of Neuroscience, February 28, 2007, 27(9):2272-2282; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3470-06.2007

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Response Anticipation and Response Conflict: An Event-Related Potential and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study

Jin Fan,^1,2 Rachel Kolster,^3,5 Jamshid Ghajar,^3,4 Minah Suh,⁴ Robert T. Knight,⁶ Ranjeeta Sarkar,³ and Bruce D. McCandliss⁵

Departments of ¹Psychiatry and ²Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, ³Brain Trauma Foundation, New York, New York 10017, ⁴Department of Neurological Surgery and ⁵Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychobiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, and ⁶Department of Psychology and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Jin Fan, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029. Email: Jin.Fan{at}mssm.edu

Response anticipation and response conflict processes are supported by executive control. However, few neuroimaging studies have attempted to study the relationship between these two processes in the same experimental session. In this study, we isolated brain activity associated with response anticipation (after a cue to prepare vs relax) and with response conflict (responding to a target with incongruent vs congruent flankers) and examined the independence and interaction of brain networks supporting these processes using event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Response anticipation generated a contingent negative variation ERP that correlated with shorter reaction times, and was associated with activation of a thalamo-cortico-striatal network, as well as increased gamma band power in frontal and parietal regions, and decreased spectral power in theta, alpha, and beta bands in most regions. Response conflict was associated with increased activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and prefrontal cortex of the executive control network, with an overlap in activation with response anticipation in regions including the middle frontal gyrus, ACC, and superior parietal lobule. Although the executive control network showed increased activation in response to unanticipated versus anticipated targets, the response conflict effect was not altered by response anticipation. These results suggest that common regions of a dorsal frontoparietal network and the ACC are engaged in the flexible control of a wide range of executive processes, and that response anticipation modulates overall activity in the executive control network but does not interact with response conflict processing.

Key words: response anticipation; response conflict; executive control; ERP; fMRI; gamma

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Received Aug. 10, 2006; revised Jan. 18, 2007; accepted Jan. 25, 2007.

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Jin Fan, Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029. Email: Jin.Fan{at}mssm.edu

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				J. Ghajar and R. B. Ivry The Predictive Brain State: Asynchrony in Disorders of Attention? Neuroscientist, June 1, 2009; 15(3): 232 - 242. [Abstract] [PDF]

				J. Fan, P. R. Hof, K. G. Guise, J. A. Fossella, and M. I. Posner The Functional Integration of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex during Conflict Processing Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2008; 18(4): 796 - 805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. U. F. Dosenbach, D. A. Fair, F. M. Miezin, A. L. Cohen, K. K. Wenger, R. A. T. Dosenbach, M. D. Fox, A. Z. Snyder, J. L. Vincent, M. E. Raichle, et al. Distinct brain networks for adaptive and stable task control in humans PNAS, June 26, 2007; 104(26): 11073 - 11078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Fan, J. Byrne, M. S. Worden, K. G. Guise, B. D. McCandliss, J. Fossella, and M. I. Posner The Relation of Brain Oscillations to Attentional Networks J. Neurosci., June 6, 2007; 27(23): 6197 - 6206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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