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The Journal of Neuroscience, March 5, 2008, 28(10):2394-2408; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5652-07.2008

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Cellular/Molecular
Endothelin-1 Regulates Astrocyte Proliferation and Reactive Gliosis via a JNK/c-Jun Signaling Pathway

Ana Gadea, ^* Sergio Schinelli, ^* and Vittorio Gallo

Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Vittorio Gallo, Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010. Email: vgallo{at}cnmcresearch.org

Reactive gliosis is characterized by enhanced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression, cellular hypertrophy, and astrocyte proliferation. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this process are still largely undefined. We investigated the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in reactive gliosis in corpus callosum after lysolecithin (LPC)-induced focal demyelination and in cultured astrocytes. We show that ET-1 levels are upregulated in demyelinated lesions within 5 d after LPC injection, together with enhanced astrocyte proliferation, GFAP expression, and JNK phosphorylation. Infusion of the pan-ET-receptor (ET-R) antagonist Bosentan or the selective ET_B-R antagonist BQ788 into the corpus callosum prevented postlesion astrocyte proliferation and JNK phosphorylation. In cultured astrocytes, ET-1-induced activation of ET_B-Rs promotes a reactive phenotype by enhancing both GFAP expression and astrocyte proliferation. In the same cells, ET-1 activates both JNK and p38MAPK pathways, and induces c-Jun expression at the mRNA and protein levels. By using selective pharmacological inhibitors, we also provide evidence that ET-1 induces astrocyte proliferation and GFAP expression through activation of ERK- and JNK-dependent pathways, consistent with the previous observation of ET-1-induced activation of ERK (Schinelli et al., 2001). Finally, we show by gain and loss of function that increased c-Jun expression enhances the proliferative response of astrocytes to ET-1, whereas c-jun siRNA prevents ET-1-induced cell proliferation. Our results indicate that the effects of ET-1 on astrocyte proliferation depend on c-Jun induction and activation through ERK- and JNK-dependent pathways, and suggest that ET-R-associated pathways might represent important targets to control reactive gliosis.

Key words: demyelination; cell cycle; endothelin receptors; glial fibrillary acidic protein; JNK kinase; ERK kinase

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Received Aug. 23, 2007; accepted Jan. 19, 2008.

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Vittorio Gallo, Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010. Email: vgallo{at}cnmcresearch.org

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