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The Journal of Neuroscience, August 20, 2008, 28(34):8454-8461; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1443-08.2008

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Sleep Deprivation Decreases Binding of [¹¹C]Raclopride to Dopamine D₂/D₃ Receptors in the Human Brain

Nora D. Volkow,^1,2 Gene-Jack Wang,³ Frank Telang,² Joanna S. Fowler,³ Jean Logan,³ Christopher Wong,³ Jim Ma,² Kith Pradhan,³ Dardo Tomasi,³ Peter K. Thanos,² Sergi Ferré,¹ and Millard Jayne²

¹National Institute on Drug Abuse and ²National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, ³Medical Department Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Nora D. Volkow, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 5274, Bethesda, MD 20892. Email: nvolkow{at}nida.nih.gov

Sleep deprivation can markedly impair human performance contributing to accidents and poor productivity. The mechanisms underlying this impairment are not well understood, but brain dopamine systems have been implicated. Here, we test whether one night of sleep deprivation changes dopamine brain activity. We studied 15 healthy subjects using positron emission tomography and [¹¹C]raclopride (dopamine D₂/D₃ receptor radioligand) and [¹¹C]cocaine (dopamine transporter radioligand). Subjects were tested twice: after one night of rested sleep and after one night of sleep deprivation. The specific binding of [¹¹C]raclopride in the striatum and thalamus were significantly reduced after sleep deprivation and the magnitude of this reduction correlated with increases in fatigue (tiredness and sleepiness) and with deterioration in cognitive performance (visual attention and working memory). In contrast, sleep deprivation did not affect the specific binding of [¹¹C]cocaine in the striatum. Because [¹¹C]raclopride competes with endogenous dopamine for binding to D₂/D₃ receptors, we interpret the decreases in binding to reflect dopamine increases with sleep deprivation. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that decreased [¹¹C]raclopride binding reflects decreases in receptor levels or affinity. Sleep deprivation did not affect dopamine transporters (target for most wake-promoting medications) and thus dopamine increases are likely to reflect increases in dopamine cell firing and/or release rather than decreases in dopamine reuptake. Because dopamine-enhancing drugs increase wakefulness, we postulate that dopamine increases after sleep deprivation is a mechanism by which the brain maintains arousal as the drive to sleep increases but one that is insufficient to counteract behavioral and cognitive impairment.

Key words: dopamine transporters; striatum; thalamus; visual attention; PET; circadian rhythms

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Received April 4, 2008; revised June 24, 2008; accepted July 17, 2008.

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Nora D. Volkow, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 5274, Bethesda, MD 20892. Email: nvolkow{at}nida.nih.gov

This article has been cited by other articles:

				J. W. Young Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor Family Contributions to Modafinil-Induced Wakefulness J. Neurosci., March 4, 2009; 29(9): 2663 - 2665. [Full Text] [PDF]

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