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The Journal of Neuroscience, September 10, 2008, 28(37):9239-9248; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1929-08.2008

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Hierarchical Organization of Human Cortical Networks in Health and Schizophrenia

Danielle S. Bassett,^1,3,4 Edward Bullmore,^3,5 * Beth A. Verchinski,² Venkata S. Mattay,² Daniel R. Weinberger,¹ and Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg^1,6 *

¹Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes Cognition and Psychosis Program and ²Neuroimaging Core Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, ³Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, ⁴Biological Soft Systems Sector, Department of Physics, and ⁵Behavioral and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom, and ⁶Central Institute for Mental Health, D-68072 Mannheim, Germany

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Edward Bullmore, Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. Email: etb23{at}cam.ac.uk

The complex organization of connectivity in the human brain is incompletely understood. Recently, topological measures based on graph theory have provided a new approach to quantify large-scale cortical networks. These methods have been applied to anatomical connectivity data on nonhuman species, and cortical networks have been shown to have small-world topology, associated with high local and global efficiency of information transfer. Anatomical networks derived from cortical thickness measurements have shown the same organizational properties of the healthy human brain, consistent with similar results reported in functional networks derived from resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetoencephalographic data. Here we show, using anatomical networks derived from analysis of inter-regional covariation of gray matter volume in MRI data on 259 healthy volunteers, that classical divisions of cortex (multimodal, unimodal, and transmodal) have some distinct topological attributes. Although all cortical divisions shared nonrandom properties of small-worldness and efficient wiring (short mean Euclidean distance between connected regions), the multimodal network had a hierarchical organization, dominated by frontal hubs with low clustering, whereas the transmodal network was assortative. Moreover, in a sample of 203 people with schizophrenia, multimodal network organization was abnormal, as indicated by reduced hierarchy, the loss of frontal and the emergence of nonfrontal hubs, and increased connection distance. We propose that the topological differences between divisions of normal cortex may represent the outcome of different growth processes for multimodal and transmodal networks and that neurodevelopmental abnormalities in schizophrenia specifically impact multimodal cortical organization.

Key words: anatomy; network; hierarchy; systems; MRI; schizophrenia; neurodevelopment

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Received May 2, 2008; revised June 27, 2008; accepted July 21, 2008.

Correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Edward Bullmore, Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK. Email: etb23{at}cam.ac.uk

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