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The Journal of Neuroscience, February 25, 2009, 29(8):2477-2485; doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4921-08.2009

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Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive
Brain Activation during Anticipation of Sound Sequences

Amber M. Leaver,¹ Jennifer Van Lare,¹ Brandon Zielinski,¹ Andrea R. Halpern,² and Josef P. Rauschecker¹

¹Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, and ²Psychology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837

Correspondence should be addressed to Josef P. Rauschecker, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057. Email: rauschej{at}georgetown.edu

Music consists of sound sequences that require integration over time. As we become familiar with music, associations between notes, melodies, and entire symphonic movements become stronger and more complex. These associations can become so tight that, for example, hearing the end of one album track can elicit a robust image of the upcoming track while anticipating it in total silence. Here, we study this predictive "anticipatory imagery" at various stages throughout learning and investigate activity changes in corresponding neural structures using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Anticipatory imagery (in silence) for highly familiar naturalistic music was accompanied by pronounced activity in rostral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and premotor areas. Examining changes in the neural bases of anticipatory imagery during two stages of learning conditional associations between simple melodies, however, demonstrates the importance of fronto-striatal connections, consistent with a role of the basal ganglia in "training" frontal cortex (Pasupathy and Miller, 2005). Another striking change in neural resources during learning was a shift between caudal PFC earlier to rostral PFC later in learning. Our findings regarding musical anticipation and sound sequence learning are highly compatible with studies of motor sequence learning, suggesting common predictive mechanisms in both domains.

Key words: prefrontal cortex; basal ganglia; auditory; fMRI; learning and memory; motor learning

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Received Oct. 2, 2008; revised Dec. 30, 2008; accepted Jan. 3, 2009.

Correspondence should be addressed to Josef P. Rauschecker, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057. Email: rauschej{at}georgetown.edu

This article has been cited by other articles:

				N. E. V. Foster and R. J. Zatorre A Role for the Intraparietal Sulcus in Transforming Musical Pitch Information Cereb Cortex, September 29, 2009; (2009) bhp199v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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