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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 5, 3204-3213, Copyright © 1985 by Society for Neuroscience
Analysis of microspike movements on the neuronal growth cone
D Bray and K Chapman
Growth cones of chick sensory ganglion neurons in tissue culture were
photographed at 60-sec intervals as they advanced over the substratum.
Numbers of microspikes (or "filopodia") were recorded together with the
time and position of their appearance, their rate of elongation, their
lateral movements, their lifespan, and the position and manner of their
disappearance. All microspikes go through cycles of extension, lateral
movement, and shortening. These are irregular and unpredictable but show
systematic differences depending on where on the growth cone they occur. At
the leading edge of the growth cone microspike extension occurs at highest
frequency and microspike shortening occurs at the lowest frequency; when
the latter occurs in this region it often involves the advance of the
margin of the cell in the form of a lamellipodium. Microspike loss occurs
most often at the base of the growth cone, usually by the retraction of the
microspike into the cell. Calculations of the gain and loss of microspikes
at different regions of the growth cone show that they undergo a net
retrograde flow, the rate of which is correlated with the forward advance
of the growth cone. Individual microspikes can also move backward from the
growth cone onto the axon (or "neurite"), an event that occurs most often
on adhesive substrata. Our observations support a direct role of microspike
movement in the advance of the growth cone. The primary force for axonal
elongation appears to be the contraction of microspikes pulling the leading
margin of the growth cone forward. At more proximal and peripheral regions
of the growth cone, microspikes undergo a retrograde sweeping motion,
followed by retraction into the cell, which may also contribute to the
forward movement of the growth cone. We interpret these movements as
arising from a flow of actin filaments and associated proteins which are
incorporated into microspikes and lamellipodia at the leading edge of the
growth cone, passing backward, and being deposited into the actin-rich
membrane- associated cortex of the axonal cylinder.
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