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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 6, 2950-2967, Copyright © 1986 by Society for Neuroscience

ARTICLE

Human amnesia and the medial temporal region: enduring memory impairment following a bilateral lesion limited to field CA1 of the hippocampus

S Zola-Morgan, LR Squire and DG Amaral

During the past 100 years clinical studies of amnesia have linked memory impairment to damage of the hippocampus. Yet the damage in these cases has not usually been confined to the hippocampus, and the status of memory functions has often been based on incomplete neuropsychological information. Thus, the human cases have until now left some uncertainty as to whether lesions limited to the hippocampus are sufficient to cause amnesia. Here we report a case of amnesia in a patient (R.B.) who developed memory impairment following an ischemic episode. During the 5 years until his death, R.B. exhibited marked anterograde amnesia, little if any retrograde amnesia, and showed no signs of cognitive impairment other than memory. Thorough histological examination revealed a circumscribed bilateral lesion involving the entire CA1 field of the hippocampus. Minor pathology was found elsewhere in the brain (e.g., left globus pallidus, right postcentral gyrus, left internal capsule), but the only damage that could be reasonably associated with the memory defect was the lesion in the hippocampus. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of amnesia following a lesion limited to the hippocampus in which extensive neuropsychological and neuropathological analyses have been carried out.

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				J. A. Dusek and H. Eichenbaum The hippocampus and memory for orderly stimulus relations PNAS, June 24, 1997; 94(13): 7109 - 7114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Corkin, D. G. Amaral, R. G. Gonzalez, K. A. Johnson, and B. T. Hyman H. M.'s Medial Temporal Lobe Lesion: Findings from Magnetic Resonance Imaging J. Neurosci., May 15, 1997; 17(10): 3964 - 3979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. D. Gabrieli, J. B. Brewer, J. E. Desmond, and G. H. Glover Separate Neural Bases of Two Fundamental Memory Processes in the Human Medial Temporal Lobe Science, April 11, 1997; 276(5310): 264 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text]

				S Tole, C Christian, and E. Grove Early specification and autonomous development of cortical fields in the mouse hippocampus Development, January 12, 1997; 124(24): 4959 - 4970. [Abstract] [PDF]

				K. G.F. Thomas and W. J. Jacobs Keeping Pace with the Revolution: A Review of Schacter's Search ing for Memory Traumatology, January 1, 1997; 3(1): 23 - 29. [PDF]

				P V Nguyen and E R Kandel Brief theta-burst stimulation induces a transcription-dependent late phase of LTP requiring cAMP in area CA1 of the mouse hippocampus. Learn. Mem., January 1, 1997; 4(2): 230 - 243. [Abstract] [PDF]

				L. R. Squire and S. M. Zola Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems PNAS, November 26, 1996; 93(24): 13515 - 13522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. H. Gazzaley, N. G. Weiland, B. S. McEwen, and J. H. Morrison Differential Regulation of NMDAR1 mRNA and Protein by Estradiol in the Rat Hippocampus J. Neurosci., November 1, 1996; 16(21): 6830 - 6838. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Moyer Jr., L. T. Thompson, and J. F. Disterhoft Trace Eyeblink Conditioning Increases CA1 Excitability in a Transient and Learning-Specific Manner J. Neurosci., September 1, 1996; 16(17): 5536 - 5546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. L. Rempel-Clower, S. M. Zola, L. R. Squire, and D. G. Amaral Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage Limited to the Hippocampal Formation J. Neurosci., August 15, 1996; 16(16): 5233 - 5255. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. V. Nguyen and E. R. Kandel A Macromolecular Synthesis-Dependent Late Phase of Long-Term Potentiation Requiring cAMP in the Medial Perforant Pathway of Rat Hippocampal Slices J. Neurosci., May 15, 1996; 16(10): 3189 - 3198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. L. Markowska, D. Price, and V. E. Koliatsos Selective Effects of Nerve Growth Factor on Spatial Recent Memory as Assessed by a Delayed Nonmatching-to-Position Task in the Water Maze J. Neurosci., May 15, 1996; 16(10): 3541 - 3548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L.R. Squire and S.M. Zola Memory, Memory Impairment, and the Medial Temporal Lobe Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 1, 1996; 61(0): 185 - 195. [Abstract] [PDF]

				S. Tonegawa, J.Z. Tsien, T.J. McHugh, P. Huerta, K.I. Blum, and M.A. Wilson Hippocampal CA1-region-restricted Knockout of NMDAR1 Gene Disrupts Synaptic Plasticity, Place Fields, and Spatial Learning Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 1, 1996; 61(0): 225 - 238. [Abstract] [PDF]

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