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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 7, 1447-1460, Copyright © 1987 by Society for Neuroscience
Growth cone morphology varies with position in the developing mouse visual pathway from retina to first targets
P Bovolenta and C Mason
We have labeled the growth cones of retinal ganglion cell axons with HRP in
intact mouse embryos. This has allowed us to visualize growth cone
morphology during outgrowth along an entire CNS pathway from origin to
target; to ask whether growth cone forms, and thus behaviors, differ at
various points along the pathway; and to study the relationships of growth
cones with the cellular environment. During the major period of axon
outgrowth between embryonic day (E) 12 and 15, growth cones in the optic
nerve are highly elongated (up to 40 microns) and have lamellopodial
expansions, but the majority lack the microspikes or filopodia
characteristic of many growth cones. Within the optic chiasm (E13-15), most
growth cones shorten and spread, and project several short filopodia. In
the optic tract, growth cones become more slender and again lack filopodia,
resembling sleeker versions of optic nerve growth cones. Near the first
target region (lateral geniculate nucleus), growth cones with filopodia
arise from individual axon lengths and turn medially toward the target.
Within target regions, the branches of immature axon arbors are tipped by
minute swellings rather than by the enlarged growth cones prevalent during
outgrowth toward targets. Electron-microscopic analysis of identified
labeled growth cones in the optic nerve reveal intimate interactions
between growth cones and glia or other growth cones in the form of
invaginating contacts. In the optic nerve, growth cones contact immature
glial (neuroepithelial) cells somewhere along their length, and also
envelop bundles of neurites. In the chiasm, single growth cones
simultaneously relate to many different profiles. These results demonstrate
that in this single pathway from origin to targets, growth cone morphology
varies systematically with position along the visual pathway. During
outgrowth, simple growth cones are prominent when axons follow well-defined
common pathways, and more elaborate filopodial forms appear when growth
cones diverge, as they turn or come to decision regions. Together with
observations in vitro and in nonmammalian nervous systems in situ, these
data serve as reference points for testing to what extent growth cone form
reflects intrinsic factors and interactions with the environment.
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