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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 8, 197-211, Copyright © 1988 by Society for Neuroscience
Dishabituation and sensitization emerge as separate processes during development in Aplysia
CH Rankin and TJ Carew
Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520.
Until recently, dishabituation and sensitization have commonly been
considered to reflect a unitary process: Sensitization refers to a general
facilitation produced by strong or noxious stimuli that enhances subsequent
responding; dishabituation has been thought to represent a special instance
of sensitization in which the facilitation is simply superimposed on a
habituated response level. The unitary process hypothesis was based on the
observation that both decremented and nondecremented responses are
facilitated by a common noxious or strong stimulus. However, this
observation does not rule out the possibility that dishabituation and
sensitization could reflect separate processes that are activated in
parallel by a strong stimulus. Recent cellular experiments by Hochner et
al. (1986) suggest that this, in fact, occurs in the sensory neurons of the
gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia. A developmental analysis of learning in
the marine mollusc Aplysia permits a direct behavioral test of this
hypothesis. If dishabituation and sensitization reflect a unitary process
then they should emerge at the same time ontogenetically. On the other
hand, if they reflect different processes, then they might emerge according
to different ontogenetic timetables. In the present study we examined the
temporal emergence of dishabituation and sensitization in the defensive
siphon withdrawal reflex in 3 stages of juvenile Aplysia: stage 11, early
stage 12, and late stage 12. Animals received one of 2 kinds of training:
Dishabituation training, in which the effect of strong tail shock on
habituated responses were observed, and Sensitization training, in which
the effect of strong tail shock on nondecremented responses was observed.
We found that, while dishabituation was present in all stages examined,
sensitization did not emerge until several weeks later, in late stage 12.
These results were confirmed and extended in a group of animals that were
tested twice: first in stage 11, when they showed no sensitization, and
again 13 weeks later, in late stage 12, when they then showed significant
sensitization. Our analysis of nondecremented responses prior to the
emergence of sensitization also revealed an unexpected inhibitory component
of tail shock that produces reflex depression. Moreover, there was a clear
progression in the net effects of tail shock during development: reflex
depression was produced in stages 11 and early stage 12, followed by a
transition to reflex facilitation (sensitization) in late stage 12.
Finally, when sensitization emerged in late stage 12, the process of
dishabituation showed a significant increase compared with previous
developmental stages.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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