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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 8, 3124-3134, Copyright © 1988 by Society for Neuroscience
The extending astroglial process: development of glial cell shape, the growing tip, and interactions with neurons
CA Mason, JC Edmondson and ME Hatten
Department of Pathology, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032.
To analyze how astroglial cells attain the complex shapes that support
neuronal migration and positioning in vitro (Hatten et al., 1984; Hatten
1985), early postnatal mouse cerebellar cells were plated in microcultures,
and glial process outgrowth was monitored by high- resolution time-lapse
video microscopy combined with immunocytochemical localization of antisera
to glial filament protein (GFP), and by electron microscopy. The 2
principal astroglial forms seen in these cultures, stellate and
Bergmann-like (Hatten et al., 1984), begin to develop their distinctive
shapes by the outgrowth of processes in the first 8 hr after the cells are
plated. Glial process extension is most vigorous in this period, resulting
predominantly in stellate forms. A second population of glial cells, having
fewer, longer processes reminiscent of Bergmann glia in vivo, first appears
about 5 hr after plating. During the next 16-24 hr, while the stellate
cells only slightly increase their process length, the bipolar cells double
their length. The most striking feature of the elongating glial process is
its highly motile tip, which rapidly extends microspikes and lamellopodia.
Unlike the neuronal growth cone, which is the expanded terminal of a thin
neurite shaft, the glial growing tip forms the end of a wide, paddle-like
process that is filled with motile mitochondria and masses of glial
filaments, and is bordered by an undulating lamella fringed by microspikes.
Soon after the emergence of glial processes, cell-cell interactions between
the growing glial process tip and granule neurons occur. Within minutes of
an initial encounter between the glial process and the neuron, contact
relationships that are stable during the observation period form between
the cells. Subsequently, many neurons extend a small neurite onto the glial
process, and astroglial process extension continues by the movement of the
glial growing tip out beyond the neuron. Thus, cerebellar astroglia in
vitro develop complex shapes in the same fashion as do neurons: the
outgrowth of processes tipped by a motile ending. The growing tips of
astroglial processes interact with neurons, resulting in the stable
association of neurons and glia.
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