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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 9, 898-913, Copyright © 1989 by Society for Neuroscience
Lesions of the hippocampal formation but not lesions of the fornix or the mammillary nuclei produce long-lasting memory impairment in monkeys
S Zola-Morgan, LR Squire and DG Amaral
Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161.
A group of tasks sensitive to human amnesia were used to characterize the
severity and duration of memory impairment in monkeys following bilateral
damage to the hippocampal formation, fornix, or mammillary nuclei. Monkeys
with hippocampal formation lesions (which included the hippocampus proper,
dentate gyrus, subiculum, posterior entorhinal cortex, and much of the
parahippocampal gyrus) exhibited a substantial and lasting memory
impairment. Monkeys with fornix transection or bilateral damage to the
mammillary nuclei were impaired on the first task administered after
surgery (delayed nonmatching to sample). However, they performed all the
other tasks normally and were unimpaired when the delayed nonmatching to
sample task was re- administered 18 months after surgery. The findings are
consistent with reports that damage limited to the human hippocampus can
produce a clinically significant and permanent amnesia. Because fornix
transection or mammillary lesions produced only transient memory
impairment, it seems unlikely that similar damage in humans can cause a
severe or permanent amnesia.
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