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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 9, 1648-1667, Copyright © 1989 by Society for Neuroscience
The earliest-generated neurons of the cat cerebral cortex: characterization by MAP2 and neurotransmitter immunohistochemistry during fetal life
JJ Chun and CJ Shatz
Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305.
The earliest-generated neurons of the cat cerebral cortex have been studied
here during development using a combination of 3H-thymidine birthdating
with immunohistochemistry for the neuron-specific protein MAP2 or for
several neuropeptides/transmitters. These neurons are the first postmitotic
cells of the cortex, with birthdates during the 1- week period preceding
the genesis of cells of the adult cerebral cortex (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a;
Chun et al., 1987). However, they are transient and the majority disappear
by adulthood (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a; Chun and Shatz, 1989). When
autoradiographic birthdating is combined with MAP2 immunostaining during
fetal life, the entire population of these early-generated neurons appears
to be stained, resulting in labeled bands above and below the cortical
plate. The band above the cortical plate (in the marginal zone) contains
early- generated neurons with horizontal morphologies, while the thicker
band beneath the cortical plate (within the intermediate zone) contains the
somata of early-generated neurons and their elaborate processes that are
frequently directed towards the ventricular surface. In view of the
correspondence between the location of the early-generated neurons and the
MAP2-immunostained band beneath the cortical plate, we suggest that this
combined approach can be used to define accurately the subdivision of the
intermediate zone known as the subplate. The early-generated neurons are
also immunoreactive for GABA, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SRIF),
and cholecystokinin (CCK) during fetal life. While GABA, NPY, and SRIF
immunostaining could be detected by embryonic day 50 (E50), that for CCK
was not found until E60. Moreover, there is a relationship between
neuropeptide immunoreactivity and location within the cerebral wall. The
marginal-zone neurons are immunoreactive only for CCK. The subplate neurons
are immunoreactive for CCK, SRIF, and NPY. Most of those immunoreactive for
SRIF tend to be clustered within the upper part of the subplate, while
those immunoreactive for NPY tend to be located more deeply. Cells
immunoreactive for GABA are more uniformly distributed throughout the
cerebral wall. These observations demonstrate directly that the marginal
zone and subplate contain peptide- and GABA-immunoreactive neurons that
belong to the earliest- generated cell population of the cerebral cortex.
The presence of these early-generated neurons, which achieve a remarkable
degree of maturity during fetal life, suggests that they perform an
essential, yet transient, role in the development of the cerebral cortex.
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