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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 9, 1705-1711, Copyright © 1989 by Society for Neuroscience
Hippocampal damage associated with prolonged and fatal stress in primates
H Uno, R Tarara, JG Else, MA Suleman and RM Sapolsky
Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715-1299.
Sustained exposure to glucocorticoids (GCs), adrenal hormones secreted
during stress, can cause neural degeneration in the rat. This is
particularly so in the hippocampus, a principal neural target site for GCs,
in which GCs can exacerbate the rate of neuron death during normal aging,
as well as the severity of neuronal damage after various neurological
insults. Thus, stress can be a potent modulator of hippocampal degeneration
in the rat. The present report suggests a similar association in the
primate. Eight vervet monkeys, housed in a primate center in Kenya, that
had died spontaneously from 1984 to 1986, were found at necropsy to have
multiple gastric ulcers; a retrospective, neuropathological study was then
done of this opportunistic population. Compared with controls euthanized
for other research purposes, ulcerated monkeys had marked hippocampal
degeneration that was apparent both quantitatively and qualitatively, and
both ultrastructurally and on the light-microscopic level. Minimal damage
occurred outside the hippocampus. Damage was unlikely to have been due to
an agonal or post-mortem artifact. Instead, ulcerated monkeys appear to
have been subject to sustained social stress, perhaps in the form of social
subordinance in captive breeding groups: most came from social groups, had
significantly high incidences of bite wounds at necropsy, and had
hyperplastic adrenal cortices, indicative of sustained GC release.
Moreover, the specific hippocampal cell fields damaged in ulcerated animals
matched those damaged by GCs in the rodent hippocampus. Thus, this
represents the first evidence suggesting that sustained stress, via GC
hypersecretion, might be neurodegenerative in the primate.
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Stress
