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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 9, 2080-2102, Copyright © 1989 by Society for Neuroscience
A comparison of movement direction-related versus load direction- related activity in primate motor cortex, using a two-dimensional reaching task
JF Kalaska, DA Cohen, ML Hyde and M Prud'homme
Departemente de physiologie, Faculte de medecine, Universite de Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Shoulder joint-related motor cortex cells show continuously graded changes
in activity, centered on a preferred movement direction, during active arm
movements in 8 directions away from a central starting position
(Georgopoulos et al., 1982). We demonstrate here that many of these cells
show similar large continuously graded changes in discharge when the monkey
compensates for inertial loads which pull the arm in 8 different
directions. These load-dependent discharge variations are typically
unimodal, centered on one load direction called the cell's load axis, and
are often sufficiently continuous, symmetric, and broad as to show a good
fit to a sinusoidal curve. A vectorial representation of cell activity
indicates that the pattern of load-dependent activity changes in the
population forms a signal whose direction is appropriate to compensate for
the loads. The responses of single cells to different combinations of
movement and load direction are often complex. Nevertheless, the mean
activity of the sample population under any condition of movement direction
and load direction can be described reasonably well by a simple linear
summation of the movement-related discharge without any loads, and the
change in tonic activity of the population caused by the load, measured
prior to movement. The strength of the load-dependent discharge variation
differs among cells. Cells can be sorted into 2 phasic and 2 tonic groups
that show differing degrees of sensitivity to loads. In particular, it was
found that the greater the degree of cell discharge variation associated
with different actively maintained limb postures, the greater the activity
changes caused by loads. No similar correlation was found for the degree of
discharge variation during movement. Preliminary evidence suggests that
phasic and tonic cell groups may be spatially segregated in the motor
cortex. These observations are consistent with the idea that there exists
in the motor cortex activity encoding aspects of movement kinematics, as
well as movement dynamics. These observations are in agreement with studies
of more distal arm joints, showing that the activity of certain motor
cortex cells varies with the patterns of muscle activity and output forces
required to produce a movement. These experiments extend the description of
the control of the direction of movement of a multiple degree-of-freedom
joint into the spatial (direction) domain to a greater extent than
previously achieved.
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